Roaring Forties
The Roaring Forties are strong westerly winds found in the Southern Hemisphere, generally between the latitudes of 40 and 50 degrees.[1] The strong west-to-east air currents are caused by the combination of air being displaced from the Equator towards the South Pole and the Earth's rotation, and there are few landmasses to serve as windbreaks.
The Roaring Forties were a major aid to ships sailing the Brouwer Route from Europe to the East Indies or Australasia during the Age of Sail, and in modern usage are favoured by yachtsmen on round-the-world voyages and competitions. The boundaries of the Roaring Forties are not consistent, and shift north or south depending on the season. Similar but stronger conditions occur in more southerly latitudes and are referred to as the Furious Fifties and Shrieking or Screaming Sixties.
Mechanics
Hot air rises at the Equator and is pushed towards the poles by cooler air travelling towards the Equator (an atmospheric circulation feature known as the Hadley Cell).[1] At about 30 degrees from the equator, the outward-travelling air sinks to lower altitudes, and continues toward the poles closer to the ground (the Ferrel Cell), then rises up again from about 60 degrees as the air joins the Polar vortex.[1] This travel in the 30 to 60 degree zone combines with the rotation of the earth to move the air currents from west to east, creating westerly winds.[1]
Unlike the northern hemisphere, the large tracts of open ocean below 40th parallel south (interrupted only by Tasmania, New Zealand, and the southern part of South America) mean that higher windspeeds — the Roaring Forties — can develop.[1] Similar but stronger wind conditions are prevalent closer to the South Pole; these are referred to as the "Furious Fifties" (50 to 60 degrees south), and the "Shrieking" or "Screaming Sixties" (below 60 degrees south).[2] The latitude ranges for the Roaring Forties and similar winds are not consistent, shifting towards the South Pole in the southern summer, and towards the Equator in the southern winter.[1]
Use for sailing
During the Age of Sail, ships travelling from Europe to the East Indies or Australasia would sail down the west coast of Africa and round the Cape of Good Hope to use the Roaring Forties to speed their passage across the Indian Ocean,[3] then on the return leg, continue eastwards across the Pacific Ocean and under Cape Horn before sailing up the east coast of the Americas to home. It was first used by Dutch explorer Hendrik Brouwer in his Brouwer Route, discovered in 1611, which effectively halved the duration of the trip from Europe to Java.[citation needed] "To run the easting down" was the phrase used to describe the fast passages achieved in the Roaring Forties.[4]
Round-the-world sailors also take advantage of the Roaring Forties to speed travel times, in particular those involved in record attempts or races.[4]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f Catchpole, Heather (20 September 2007). "Roaring forties". In Depth. ABC Science. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
- ^ "Exploring the Southern Ocean". Eco-Photo Explorers. 21 December 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
- ^ Dear, I. C. B. & Kemp, Peter, ed. (2007). "Roaring Forties". The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea. Oxford Reference Online, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860616-8. OCLC 60793921. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^ a b Dear, I. C. B. & Kemp, Peter, ed. (2007). "Run the easting down, to". The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea. Oxford Reference Online, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860616-8. OCLC 60793921. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
External links
