Robert Browning: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> |
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| name = Robert Browning |
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| image = Robert Browning 1865.jpg|220px |
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| caption = [[Photogravure]] of Robert Browning in 1865 |
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| birth_date = {{birth-date|7 May 1812}} |
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| birth_place = [[Camberwell]], London, England |
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| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1889|12|12|1812|5|7}} |
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| death_place = [[Venice]], Italy |
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| occupation = Poet |
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| movement = |
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| genre = |
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| notableworks = The Pied Piper of Hamelin, Porphyria's Lover, The Ring and the Book, Men and Women, My Last Duchess |
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| spouse(s) = Elizabeth Barret Browning |
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| influences = |
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| influenced = [[Ezra Pound|Pound]], [[T.S. Eliot|Eliot]], [[Robert Frost|Frost]] |
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| signature = Robert Browning Signature.svg |
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}} |
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'''Robert Browning''' (7 May 1812 – 12 December 1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of [[dramatic verse]], especially [[dramatic monologue]]s, made him one of the foremost [[Victorian literature|Victorian]] poets. |
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==Early years== |
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Browning was born in [[Camberwell]] - a district now forming part of the borough of Southwark in South London, England - the only son of Robert and Sarah Anna Browning.<ref Name="Karlin9">Browning, Robert. Ed. Karlin, Daniel (2004) ''Selected Poems'' Penguin p9</ref> His father, a man of fine intellect and character, was a well-paid clerk for the [[Bank of England]], earning about £150 per year.<ref name="Maynard">John Maynard, ''Browning's Youth''</ref> Browning’s paternal grandfather was a wealthy slave owner in [[History of Saint Kitts and Nevis|St Kitts, West Indies]], but Browning's father was an [[abolitionist]]. Browning's father had been sent to the West Indies to work on a sugar plantation. Revolted by the slavery there, he returned to England. Browning’s mother was a daughter of a German shipowner who had settled in Dundee. He had one sister, Sarianna. It is rumoured that Browning's grandmother, Margaret Tittle, was a Jamaican of mixed race who had inherited a plantation in St Kitts. Robert's father, a literary collector, amassed a library of around 6,000 books, many of them rare. Thus, Robert was raised in a household of significant literary resources. His mother, to whom he was very close, was a devout [[nonconformist]] and a talented musician.<ref Name="Karlin9"/> His younger sister, Sarianna, also gifted, became her brother's companion in his later years. His father encouraged his children's interest in literature and the arts.<ref Name="Karlin9"/> |
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By twelve, Browning had written a book of poetry which he later destroyed when no publisher could be found. After being at one or two private schools, and showing an insuperable dislike to school life, he was educated at home by a tutor via the resources of his father's extensive library.<ref Name="Karlin9"/> By the age of fourteen he was fluent in French, [[Ancient Greek|Greek]], Italian and Latin. He became a great admirer of the [[Romantic poets]], especially [[Percy Bysshe Shelley|Shelley]]. Following the precedent of Shelley, Browning became an [[atheism|atheist]] and [[vegetarian]], both of which he gave up later. At the age of sixteen, he studied Greek at [[University College London]] but left after his first year.<ref Name="Karlin9"/> His mother’s staunch [[evangelicalism|evangelical faith]] prevented his studying at either [[Oxford University]] or [[Cambridge University]], both then open only to members of the [[Church of England]].<ref Name="Karlin9"/> He had inherited substantial musical ability through his mother, and composed arrangements of various songs. He refused a formal career and ignored his parents' remonstrations, dedicating himself to poetry. He stayed at home until the age of 34, financially dependant on his family until his marriage. His father sponsored the publication of his son's poems.<ref Name="Karlin9"/> Browning travelled widely, joining a British diplomatic mission to Russia in 1834, later journeying to Italy 1838 and 1844.<ref Name="Karlin9"/> |
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==Middle years== |
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{{See also|Elizabeth Barrett Browning}} |
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[[File:Thomas B. Read (American, 1822-1872) - Portraits of Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Portraits of Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning.]] |
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Browning's career began with the publication of the anonymous poem ''Pauline''. The piece, which disappeared without notice, would embarrass him for the rest of his life.<ref Name="Karlin9"/> The long poem ''Paracelsus'', about [[Paracelsus|the renowned doctor]] and alchemist, had no general popularity; nevertheless, it gained the notice of [[Thomas Carlyle]], Wordsworth, and other men of letters, and gave him a reputation as a poet of distinguished promise on the London scene. Browning came to befriend [[Charles Dickens]], [[John Forster]], [[Harriet Martineau]] and Carlyle, as well as [[William Charles Macready]] who encouraged Browning to write the play ''Strafford'', performed in 1837 by Macready and Helen Faucit.<ref Name="Karlin10">Browning, Robert. Ed. Karlin, Daniel (2004) ''Selected Poems'' Penguin p10</ref> It was no great success but Browning was encouraged enough to try again, going on to write eight plays in all, including ''Pippa Passes'' (1841) and ''A Soul's Tragedy'' (1846). A troubled production of ''A Blot on the 'Scutcheon'' (1843)<!---apostrophe is part of the title---> was followed by the publication of the experimental and politically radical long poem ''Sordello'' (1840), which were both met with widespread derision. Tennyson commented that he only understood the first and last lines and Carlyle noted that his wife had read the poem through and could not tell whether Sordello was a man, a city or a book.<ref Name="Karlin10"/> His reputation would not rise again for 25 years.<ref Name="Karlin10"/> |
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In 1845, Browning met the poet [[Elizabeth Barrett Browning|Elizabeth Barrett]], six years his elder, who lived as a semi-invalid in her father's house in [[Wimpole Street]], London. They began regularly corresponding and gradually a romance developed between them, leading to their elopement on 12 September 1846.<ref Name="Karlin10"/>The marriage was initially secret because Elizabeth's domineering father disapproved of marriage for any of his children. Mr. Barrett disinherited Elizabeth, as he did for each of his children who married: “The Mrs. Browning of popular imagination was a sweet, innocent young woman who suffered endless cruelties at the hands of a tyrannical papa but who nonetheless had the good fortune to fall in love with a dashing and handsome poet named Robert Browning. ”<ref>Peterson, William S. ''Sonnets From The Portuguese''. Massachusetts: Barre Publishing, 1977.</ref> At her husband's insistence, the second edition of Elizabeth’s ''Poems'' included her love sonnets. The book increased her popularity and high critical regard, cementing her position as an eminent Victorian poet. Upon [[William Wordsworth]]'s death in 1850, she was a serious contender to become [[Poet Laureate]], the position eventually going to [[Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson|Tennyson]]. |
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[[File:Robert browning cartoon-1-.png|thumb|right|200px|1882 caricature from ''[[Punch Magazine]]'' reading: "''The Ring and Bookmaker from Red Cotton Nightcap country" '']] |
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From the time of their marriage and until Elizabeth's death, the Brownings lived in Italy , residing first in [[Pisa]], and then, within a year, finding an apartment in [[Florence]] at [[Casa Guidi]] (now a museum to their memory).<ref Name="Karlin10"/> Their only child, [[Robert Barrett Browning|Robert Wiedemann Barrett Browning]], nicknamed "Penini" or "Pen", was born in 1849.<ref Name="Karlin10"/> In these years Browning was fascinated by and learned from the art and atmosphere of Italy. He would, in later life, describe Italy as his university. Browning bought a home in [[Asolo]], in the [[Veneto]] outside [[Venice]].<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9501EFD61F31E233A2575AC0A9619C946396D6CF "Barrett Browning Dies at Asolo, Italy; Artist, son of the Poets, Robert and Elizabeth Browning", obituary, The New York Times, 9 June 1912].</ref> As Elizabeth had inherited money of her own, the couple were reasonably comfortable in Italy, and their relationship together was happy. However, the literary assault on Browning's work did not let up and he was critically dismissed further, by patrician writers such as [[Charles Kingsley]], for the desertion of England for foreign lands.<ref Name="Karlin10"/>In Florence, Browning worked on the poems that eventually comprised his two-volume ''[[Men and Women (poetry collection)|Men and Women]]'', for which he is now well known;<ref Name="Karlin10"/>in 1855, however, when these were published, they made little impact. It was only after his wife's death, in 1861, when he returned to England and became part of the London literary scene—albeit while paying frequent visits in Italy—that his reputation started to take off.<ref Name="Karlin10"/> |
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In 1868, after five years work, he completed and published the long blank-verse poem ''[[The Ring and the Book]]''. Based on a convoluted murder-case from 1690s Rome, the poem is composed of twelve books, essentially ten lengthy dramatic poems narrated by the various characters in the story, showing their individual perspectives on events, bookended by an introduction and conclusion by Browning himself. Long, even by Browning's own standards (over twenty thousand lines), ''The Ring and the Book'' was the poet's most ambitious project and arguably his greatest work; it has been praised as a ''tour de force'' of dramatic poetry.<ref Name="Karlin11"/> Published separately in four volumes from November 1868 through to February 1869, the poem was a success both commercially and critically, and finally brought Browning the renown he had sought for nearly forty years.<ref Name="Karlin11">Browning, Robert. Ed. Karlin, Daniel (2004) ''Selected Poems'' Penguin p11</ref> The Robert Browning Society was formed in 1881 and his work was recognised as belonging within the British literary canon.<ref Name="Karlin11"/> |
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==Last years and death== |
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[[File:Browning After Death.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Browning after death.]] |
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In the remaining years of his life Browning travelled extensively. After a series of long poems published in the early 1870s, of which ''Fifine at the Fair'' and ''[[Red Cotton Night-Cap Country]]'' were the best-received.<ref Name="Karlin11"/> The volume ''[[Pacchiarotto, and How He Worked in Distemper]]'' included an attack against Browning's critics, especially the [[Poet Laureate]] [[Alfred Austin]]. According to some reports Browning became romantically involved with Lady Ashburton, but did not re-marry. In 1878, he returned to Italy for the first time in the seventeen years since Elizabeth's death, and returned there on several occasions. In 1887, Browning produced the major work of his later years, ''Parleyings with Certain People of Importance In Their Day''. It finally presented the poet speaking in his own voice, engaging in a series of dialogues with long-forgotten figures of literary, artistic, and philosophic history. The Victorian public was baffled by this, and Browning returned to the short, concise lyric for his last volume, ''[[Asolando]]'' (1889), published on the day of his death.<ref Name="Karlin11"/> |
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Browning died at his son's home [[Ca' Rezzonico]] in [[Venice]] on 12 December 1889.<ref Name="Karlin11"/> He was buried in [[Poets' Corner]] in [[Westminster Abbey]]; his grave now lies immediately adjacent to that of [[Alfred Tennyson]].<ref Name="Karlin11"/> |
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Browning was awarded many distinctions. He was made LL.D. of Edinburgh, a life Governor of London University, and had the offer of the Lord Rectorship of Glasgow. |
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The story of Browning and his wife Elizabeth was made into a play ''[[The Barretts of Wimpole Street]]'', by [[Rudolph Besier]]. The play was a success and brought popular fame to the couple in the United States. The role of Elizabeth became a signature role for the actress [[Katharine Cornell]]. It was eventually adapted twice into film. |
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==Browning's poetic style== |
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{{Original research|date=March 2009}} |
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To the great majority of readers, probably, Browning is best known by some of his short poems, such as ''Rabbi Ben Ezra'', ''How they brought the good News to Aix'', ''Evelyn Hope'', ''The Pied Piper of Hammelin'', ''A Grammarian's Funeral'', ''A Death in the Desert''. Initially, Browning was not regarded as a great poet, since his subjects were often recondite and lay beyond the ken and sympathy of the great bulk of readers; and owing, partly to the subtle links connecting the ideas and partly to his often extremely condensed and rugged expression, the treatment of them was often difficult and obscure. The keynote of his teaching is a wise and noble optimism. |
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Browning’s fame today rests mainly on his [[dramatic monologue]]s, in which the words not only convey setting and action but also reveal the speaker’s character. Unlike a [[soliloquy]], the meaning in a Browning dramatic monologue is not what the speaker directly reveals but what he inadvertently "gives away" about himself in the process of rationalizing past actions, or "special-pleading" his case to a silent auditor in the poem. Rather than thinking out loud, the character composes a self-defence which the reader, as "juror," is challenged to see through. Browning chooses some of the most debased, extreme and even criminally psychotic characters, no doubt for the challenge of building a sympathetic case for a character who doesn't deserve one and to cause the reader to squirm at the temptation to acquit a character who may be a homicidal [[psychopath]]. One of his more sensational dramatic monologues is ''[[Porphyria's Lover]]''. |
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[[File:Pied Piper2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Pied Piper of Hamelin|Pied Piper]] leads the children out of [[Hamelin]]. Illustration by [[Kate Greenaway]] to the Robert Browning version of the tale.]] |
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Yet it is by carefully reading the far more sophisticated and cultivated rhetoric of the aristocratic and civilized Duke of ''[[My Last Duchess]]'', perhaps the most frequently cited example of the poet's dramatic monologue form, that the attentive reader discovers the most horrific example of a mind totally mad despite its eloquence in expressing itself. The duchess, we learn, was murdered not because of infidelity, not because of a lack of gratitude for her position, and not, finally, because of the simple pleasures she took in common everyday occurrences. She is reduced to an ''objet d'art'' in the Duke's collection of paintings and statues because the Duke equates his instructing her to behave like a duchess with "stooping," an action of which his megalomaniac pride is incapable. In other monologues, such as ''[[Fra Lippo Lippi (poem)|Fra Lippo Lippi]]'', Browning takes an ostensibly unsavory or immoral character and challenges us to discover the goodness, or life-affirming qualities, that often put the speaker's contemporaneous judges to shame. In ''[[The Ring and the Book]]'' Browning writes an epic-length poem in which he [[theodicy|justifies the ways of God to humanity]] through twelve extended blank verse monologues spoken by the principals in a trial about a murder. These monologues greatly influenced many later poets, including [[T. S. Eliot]] and [[Ezra Pound]], high modernists, the latter singling out in his ''[[Cantos]]'' Browning's convoluted psychological poem ''[[Sordello (poem)|Sordello]]'' about a frustrated 13-century [[troubadour]], as the poem he must work to distance himself from. These concerns reflected Victorian society in the late 19th century. |
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But he remains too much the prophet-poet and descendant of [[Percy Shelley]] to settle for the conceits, puns, and verbal play of the [[Metaphysical poets]] of the seventeenth century. His is a modern sensibility, all too aware of the arguments against the vulnerable position of one of his simple characters, who recites: "God's in His Heaven; All's right with the world." Browning endorses such a position because he sees an immanent deity that, far from remaining in a transcendent heaven, is indivisible from temporal process, assuring that in the fullness of theological time there is ample cause for celebrating life. |
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==History of sound recording== |
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At a dinner party on 7 April 1889, at the home of Browning's friend the artist [[Rudolf Lehmann (artist)|Rudolf Lehmann]], an [[Edison Records|Edison cylinder phonograph]] recording was made on a white wax cylinder by [[Thomas Alva Edison|Edison's]] British representative, [[George Gouraud]]. In the recording, which still exists, Browning recites part of "[[How They Brought the Good News from Ghent to Aix]]" (and can be heard apologizing when he forgets the words).<ref>[http://www.poetryarchive.org/poetryarchive/singlePoet.do?poetId=1545 Poetry Archive], retrieved May 2, 2009</ref> When the recording was played in 1890 on the anniversary of his death, at a gathering of his admirers, it was said to be the first time anyone's voice "had been heard from beyond the grave."<ref>Kreilkamp, Ivan, "Voice and the Victorian storyteller." Cambridge University Press, 2005, page 190. ISBN 0-521-85193-9, 9780521851930. Retrieved May 2, 2009</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=gmxYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA8&dq=edison+recording+%22robert+browning%22&lr=&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES "The Author," Volume 3, January-December 1891. Boston: The Writer Publishing Company]. "Personal gossip about the writers-Browning." Page 8. Retrieved May 2, 2009.</ref> |
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==Complete list of works== |
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* ''Pauline: A Fragment of a Confession'' (1833) |
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* [http://books.google.com/books?id=D3YCAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Robert+Browning%22&hl=en&ei=Crb8TJq1MJGavAOF57jMCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Paracelsus'' (1835)] |
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* ''Strafford'' (play) (1837) |
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* ''[[Sordello (poem)|Sordello]]'' (1840) |
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* ''Bells and Pomegranates No. I: [[Pippa Passes]]'' (play) (1841) |
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* ''Bells and Pomegranates No. II: King Victor and King Charles'' (play) (1842) |
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* ''Bells and Pomegranates No. III: [[Dramatic Lyrics]]'' (1842) |
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**"[[Porphyria's Lover]]" |
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**"[[Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister]]" |
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**"[[My Last Duchess]]" |
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**"[[The Pied Piper of Hamelin]]" |
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**"[[Count Gismond]]" |
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**"[[Johannes Agricola in Meditation]]" |
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* ''Bells and Pomegranates No. IV: The Return of the Druses'' (play) (1843) |
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* ''Bells and Pomegranates No. V: A Blot in the 'Scutcheon'' (play) (1843) |
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* ''Bells and Pomegranates No. VI: Colombe's Birthday'' (play) (1844) |
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* ''Bells and Pomegranates No. VII: [[Dramatic Romances and Lyrics]]'' (1845) |
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**"[[The Laboratory]]" |
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**"[[How They Brought the Good News from Ghent to Aix]]" |
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**"The Bishop Orders His Tomb at Saint Praxed's Church" |
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* ''Bells and Pomegranates No. VIII: [[Luria]] ''and'' A Soul's Tragedy'' (plays) (1846) |
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* ''[[Christmas-Eve and Easter-Day]]'' (1850) |
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* ''[[Men and Women (poetry collection)|Men and Women]]'' (1855) |
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**"[[Love Among the Ruins (poem)|Love Among the Ruins]]" |
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**"[[The Last Ride Together]]" |
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**"[[A Toccata of Galuppi's]]" |
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**"[[Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came]]" |
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**"[[Fra Lippo Lippi (poem)|Fra Lippo Lippi]]" |
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**"[[Andrea Del Sarto (poem)|Andrea Del Sarto]]" |
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**"[[The Patriot/ An Old Story]]" |
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**"A Grammarian's Funeral" |
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**"An Epistle Containing the Strange Medical Experience of Karshish, the Arab Physician" |
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* ''[[Dramatis Personae]]'' (1864) |
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**"[[Caliban upon Setebos]]" |
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**"[[Rabbi Ben Ezra]]" |
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* ''[[The Ring and the Book]]'' (1868-9) |
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* ''Balaustion's Adventure'' (1871) |
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* ''[[Prince Hohenstiel-Schwangau, Saviour of Society]]'' (1871) |
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* ''Fifine at the Fair'' (1872) |
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* ''[[Red Cotton Night-Cap Country]], or, Turf and Towers'' (1873) |
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* ''Aristophanes' Apology'' (1875) |
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* ''The Inn Album'' (1875) |
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* ''[[Pacchiarotto, and How He Worked in Distemper]]'' (1876) |
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* ''The Agamemnon of Aeschylus'' (1877) |
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[[File:Plaque on Louisa A.M. McGrigor monument. Newlyn - geograph.org.uk - 927552.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Memorial plaque: "In Loving Memory of Louisa A. M. McGrigor Commandant V.A.D. Cornwall 22. Who died on service, March 31, 1917. Erected by her fellow workers in the British Red Cross Society, Women Unionist Association, Boy Scouts, Girl Guides and Friends."<br> |
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Followed by a quote from Robert Browning's Epilogue to [[Asolando]].<br> |
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''One who never turned her back but marched breast forward, Never doubted clouds would break, Never dreamed, though right were worsted. wrong would triumph, Held we fall to rise, are baffled to fight better,''<br>''Sleep to wake'']] |
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* ''La Saisiaz'' and ''The Two Poets of Croisic'' (1878) |
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* ''Dramatic Idylls'' (1879) |
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* ''Dramatic Idylls: Second Series'' (1880) |
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* ''[[Jocoseria]]'' (1883) |
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* ''[[Ferishtah's Fancies]]'' (1884) |
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* ''Parleyings with Certain People of Importance In Their Day'' (1887) |
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* ''Asolando'' (1889) |
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**''Prospice |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*{{cite book|last=''Anonymous''|first=|others=Illustrated by [[s:Author:Frederick Waddy|Waddy, Frederick]]|title=Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cartoon_portraits_and_biographical_sketches_of_men_of_the_day/Robert_Browning|accessdate=2010-12-28|year=1873|publisher=Tinsley Brothers|location=London}} |
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*[[G. K. Chesterton|Chesterton, G.K]]. ''Robert Browning'' (Macmillan, 1903) |
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*DeVane, William Clyde. ''A Browning handbook''. 2nd. Ed. (Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1955) |
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*Drew, Philip. ''The poetry of Robert Browning: A critical introduction.'' (Methuen, 1970) |
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*Finlayson, Iain. ''Browning: A Private Life.'' (HarperCollins, 2004) |
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*Garrett, Martin ed., ''Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning: Interviews and Recollections''. (Macmillan, 2000) |
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*Garrett, Martin. ''Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning''. (British Library Writers' Lives). (British Library, 2001) |
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*Hudson, Gertrude Reese. ''Robert Browning's literary life from first work to masterpiece.'' (Texas, 1992) |
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*Karlin, Daniel. ''The courtship of Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett.'' (Oxford, 1985) |
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*Kelley, Philip et al. (Eds.) ''The Brownings' correspondence.'' 15 vols. to date. (Wedgestone, 1984-) (Complete letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning to 1849.) |
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*Litzinger, Boyd and Smalley, Donald (eds.) ''Robert Browning: the Critical Heritage''. (Routledge, 1995) |
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*Markus, Julia. ''Dared and Done: the Marriage of Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning'' (Bloomsbury, 1995) |
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*Maynard, John. ''Browning's youth.'' (Harvard Univ. Press, 1977) |
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*Ryals, Clyde de L. ''The Life of Robert Browning: a Critical Biography''. (Blackwell, 1993) |
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*Woolford, John and Karlin, Daniel. ''Robert Browning''. (Longman, 1996) |
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==External links== |
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{{wikiquote}} |
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{{wikisource author}} |
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{{commons category|Robert Browning}} |
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* [http://www.poetryarchive.org/poetryarchive/singlePoet.do?poetId=1545 Profile and poems written and audio at the Poetry Archive] |
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* [http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=891 Profile and poems at the Poetry Foundation] |
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* [http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/182 Profile and poems at Poets.org] |
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* [http://www.browningguide.com/ The Brownings: A Research Guide (Baylor University)] |
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* [http://www.browningsociety.org/ The Browning Society] |
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* {{gutenberg author | id=Robert_Browning | name=Robert Browning}} |
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* {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-43688}} |
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* [http://www.classicistranieri.com/english/indexes/autho.htm Works by Robert Browning] in e-book |
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* [http://www.sparknotes.com/poetry/browning/section5.rhtml An analysis of "Home Thoughts, From Abroad"] |
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* [http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead/00020.xml/ Browning archive] at the [[Harry Ransom Center]] at [[The University of Texas at Austin]] |
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* [http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Robert+Browning%22 Works by Robert Browning], from the [[Internet Archive]] |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| NAME = Browning, Robert |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Poet |
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| DATE OF BIRTH = 7 May 1812 |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Camberwell]], London, England |
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| DATE OF DEATH = 12 December 1889 |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Venice]], Italy |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Browning, Robert}} |
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[[Category:English poets]] |
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[[Category:Victorian poets]] |
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[[Category:Fellows of Balliol College, Oxford]] |
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[[Category:Alumni of University College London]] |
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[[Category:People from Camberwell]] |
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[[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]] |
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[[Category:1812 births]] |
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[[Category:1889 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Robert Browning| ]] |
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[[fi:Robert Browning]] |
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[[sv:Robert Browning]] |
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[[te:రాబర్ట్ బ్రౌనింగ్]] |
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[[zh:羅勃特·白朗寧]] |
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