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Robert Sommer

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For the German psychiatrist and genealogist, see Robert Sommer (psychiatrist).

Robert Sommer is an internationally known Environmental Psychologist and currently holds the position of Distinguished Professor of Psychology Emeritus at the University of California, Davis.[1] Sommer has written 14 books and over 600 articles, he may be best known for his book Personal Space: The Behavioral Basis of Design (1969), which discusses the influence of the environment on human activities.[2]

"[Man] will adapt to hydrocarbons in the air, detergents in the water, crime in the streets, and crowded recreational areas. Good design becomes a meaningless tautology if we consider that man will be reshaped to fit whatever environment he creates. The long-range question is not so much what sort of environment we want, but what sort of man we want." ~ Robert Sommer [2]

Life and career

Robert Sommer was born April 26, 1929, in New York City.[3] He received his Ph.D. from the University of Kansas in 1956 and after teaching in Sweden and the University of Alberta, he arrived at the University of California, Davis in 1963. At Davis, he chaired four departments: Psychology (1964–70); Environmental Design (1991-1994), Rhetoric & Communication (1994–95), and Art (1997-2000) and is now a Distinguished Professor of Psychology Emeritus (since 2003).[1] Though he may be best known for his book Personal Space: The Behavioral Basis of Design, first published in 1969, he has written 14 other books and more than 600 publications on a variety of subjects. His writings on environmental psychology include research in mental hospitals, libraries, classrooms, and living spaces. Sommer also has written a number of articles and a book on mushrooms,and other nontechnical subjects and his work has appeared in the journal Worm Runner's Digest, which publishes scientific papers alongside satirical articles.[1]

Sommer's consulting work includes the design of bicycle paths, residence halls, geriatric housing, airports, offices, prisons, farmers' markets, and other facilities. He has also received a number of awards including: City-University Research Award, City of Davis; Research Award, California Alliance for the Mentally Ill; Career Research Award, Environmental Design Research Association; Kurt Lewin Award, Division 9 APA; Fulbright Award to Estonia, USSR; President-Elect 1998-9, President 1999-2000, APA Div. 34, Doctorem Honoris Causa, Tallinn Pedagogical University.[1]

Thought

Sommer was influenced by his studies on environmental psychology with Dr. Humphry Osmond, a psychiatrist who researched hallucinogens. Osmond coined the term psychedelic and also worked in mental hospitals researching social environments and how they affect recovery.[4]

Some scholars see Environmental Psychology as strictly a sub-discipline of Psychology or Social Psychology; others see it as an entirely interdisciplinary study. Sommer views Environmental Psychology as both a sub-discipline within the behavioral sciences as well as an interdisciplinary study that involves a variety of disciplines and professions.[5] His view of the discipline is reflected in his writing style; he communicates his ideas without technical, psychological jargon. Though his book, Personal Space, was not specifically written for people outside the field of Environmental Psychology, it is highly readable and thus, accessible to those designers or architects who may actually have the ability to influence building design.[6]

Works

On Personal Space

Sommer makes the distinction between personal space and territory: "The concepts of 'personal space' can be distinguished from that of 'territory' in several ways. The most important difference is that personal space is carried around while territory is relatively stationary. The animal or man will usually mark the boundaries of his territory so that they are visible to others, but the boundaries of personal space are invisible. Personal space has the body as its center, while territory does not. Often the center of territory is the home of the animal or man. Animals will usually fight to maintain dominion over their territory but will withdraw if others intrude into their personal space."[7]

In his best known book Personal Space: The Behavioral Basis of Design, first published in 1969, Sommer argues that buildings should be built first for function (their usefulness to the user), not form (how they look). The book is divided into two sections: the first section is theoretical, and the second section concerns methods and their applications.[2] In addition to this book, Sommer has written many articles on personal space as well.[7]

On Learning And The Classroom

Another theme in Sommer's research is the structure of the classroom and how it affects learning. As a high school student, Sommer himself experienced the difficulty of learning in a classroom where he was unable to see the blackboard due to the poor design of the room. He writes that he struggled in the class until, later in the semester, it moved to a new room where he got a front row seat. There, he could see the blackboard and his "grades improved markedly".[8] Sommer devotes a chapter to the effect of classroom structure on learning in his book Personal Space, and has also written many journal articles on the topic as well.[9][10][11][12]

Though the 1960s and 70s were a time of innovation in educational curricula, teaching methods, and classrooms, there was not much thought given to the physical environment of the classroom and how it might affect learning.[13] Sommer introduced two important terms in his book Tight Spaces: Hard Architecture and How to Humanize It. First, the "open classroom", which he describes as being a "more informally arranged and less rigidly structured space", and "open education", a loosening of the current social hierarchy in education where teachers are strictly the sources of knowledge and students only learners. Sommer states that though the addition of "open classrooms" cannot increase student participation without there also being an environment of "open education", no shift in hierarchy is likely without a change in the construction or arrangement of the classroom.[13]

The Soft Classroom is an article written by Sommer and Olsen describing a study they conducted on the impact of classroom design on learning. It describes the difference in student participation observed in two differently arranged classrooms.[14]

Street Art

Sommer's book Street Art (1975) discusses "the urban community mural in the U.S.A."[15] The community mural is created by artists in collaboration with the local community so the art reflects the local culture. "Some of the chapter topics are: The New Mural Movement; definitions of 'street art' forms; the politics of 'street art'; the Emeryville, California, mudflats, a site for group sculpture; a guide for Locating and Photographing Street Art; and a final chapter concerned with less common 'street art' locations and the future of this type of art."[15]

In Street Art Sommer states "the important question is whether painters, writers and poets are obliged to go beyond reflection to interpretation and prescription" and, in comparing street artists to those who display their work in a gallery, even goes so far as to say: "one can tell very little about the issues affecting public consciousness by examining the work of studio artists..." and "she [the new muralist] cannot afford the haughty contempt that the studio painter may feel for purchasers and patrons ...".[15]

Sommer's work has been called "valuable for drawing attention to the proliferation of a noncommercial, popular art form in the U.S.A.", however there are also some criticisms of the book. Wayne Enstice, in his review of Street Art noted "A serious deficiency of his book is the abrasive way he chooses to treat the question"..."Do Social imperatives demand redefinition of the role of artists?" He complains that "Readers are asked to measure the accomplishments of community motivated artists against an antagonistic and oversimplified estimation of studio artists...". Enstice also dislikes Sommer's division between text and art, saying that it is "inappropriate".[15]

Bibliography

  • 1969 Personal Space: The Behavioral Basis of Design, Englewood Cliffs, N.J, ISBN 0-13-657577-3
  • 1972 Design Awareness Rinehart
  • 1974 Tight spaces : hard architecture and how to humanize it, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall
  • 1975 Street art, New York, Links Books
  • 1975 Sidewalk Fossils, with Harriet Becker Walker
  • 1976 The end of imprisonment, New York : Oxford University Press
  • 1978 The mind's eye : imagery in everyday life, Palo Alto, California, Dale Seymour Publications
  • 1980 A Practical Guide to Behavioral Research, further editions in 1986, 1991, 1997 and 2002 (5th Ed.)
  • 1963 Expertland (Doubleday)
  • 1980 Farmers' Markets of America (Capra)
  • 1983 Social Design (Prentice-Hall)
  • 2000,2003 An Authoritative Guide to Self-Help Resources (2nd Edition and later, Revised Edition) with Norcross, Santrock et al. (Guilford)
  • 2003 Milieux et modes de vie (Infolio)
  • 2008 Personal Space Updated (Bosko Books)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d University of California, Davis: Sommer biography, retrieved November 10, 2011
  2. ^ a b c Personal Space: The Behavioral Basis of Design. Author: Robert Sommer. Review by: Glenn C. McCann. "American Sociological Review" Vol. 35, No. 1 (Feb. 1970), pp. 164-165 Published by: American Sociological Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2093905 .Accessed: 06/11/2011
  3. ^ Sommer, Robert (1929-). 2001. Retrieved November 06, 2011 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3403804207.
  4. ^ In Memoriam: Humphry Osmond. "Journal of Environmental Psychology." Volume 24, Issue 2, June 2004, Pages 257-258
  5. ^ The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology. Rom Harré, Roger Lamb
  6. ^ Personal Space: The Behavioral Basis of Design Author: Robert Sommer. Review by: O. Michael Watson. "American Anthropologist," New Series, Vol. 72, No. 3 (Jun., 1970), pp. 625-626. Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the American Anthropological Association. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/673017. Accessed: 06/11/2011
  7. ^ a b Studies in Personal Space. Author: Robert Sommer. Source: "Sociometry" Vol. 22, No. 3 (Sep. 1959), pp. 247-260 Published by: American Sociological Association. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2785668. Accessed: 11/13/2011
  8. ^ Personal Space: The Behavioral Basis of Design [page 101] Author: Robert Sommer (1969)
  9. ^ "Classroom Layout" Author: Robert Sommer Theory Into Practice Vol. 16, No. 3, Nonverbal (Jun. 1977), pp. 174-175 Publisher: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1475600
  10. ^ "Reading Areas In College Libraries" Author: Robert Sommer. The Library Quarterly, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Jul. 1968), pp. 249-260 Publisher: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4305903
  11. ^ Learning Outside The Classroom Authors: Robert Sommer, Franklin Becker. Source: "The School Review", Vol. 82, No. 4, Learning Environments (Aug. 1974), pp. 601-607 Publisher: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1084007
  12. ^ Decorations for the Classroom Authors: Linda Lou Davis, Robert Sommer. Source: "Improving College and University Teaching", Vol. 20, No. 4, Classroom: Learning Center (Autumn, 1972), p. 285 Publisher: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27563430
  13. ^ a b Two Books Speculate on How Environment Affects Learning. Tight Spaces: Hard Architecture and How to Humanize It Author: Robert Sommer; Beyond Customs: An Educator's Journey Author: Charity James. Review by: Nicholas Polites, Vol. 56, No. 5, Special Issue on the Unrecognized Environmental Curriculum (Jan., 1975), pp. 369-370 Published by: The Phi Delta Kappan Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20297931 .Accessed: 06/11/2011
  14. ^ A Tale Of Two Classrooms Author: Nancy Van Note Chism
  15. ^ a b c d Street Art Author: Robert Sommer. Review by: Wayne Enstice. Leonardo, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Autumn, 1977), pp. 347-348 Published by: The MIT Press. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1573815. Accessed: 1/12/2011
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