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SMS Lissa

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Line-drawing of Lissa
History
Austria-Hungary
NameLissa
NamesakeBattle of Lissa
Laid down27 June 1867
Launched25 February 1869
CommissionedMay 1871
Stricken13 November 1892
FateScrapped, 1893–1895
General characteristics
Displacement7,086 metric tons (6,974 long tons; 7,811 short tons)
Length89.38 meters (293.2 ft) oa
Beam17.32 m (56.8 ft)
Draft8.5 m (28 ft)
Installed power3,619 indicated horsepower (2,699 kW)
Propulsion1 single-expansion steam engine
Speed12.83 knots (23.76 km/h; 14.76 mph)
Crew620
Armament
  • 12 × 9-inch (229 mm) guns
  • 4 × 8-pounder guns
  • 3 × 3-pounder guns
Armor

SMS Lissa, named for the Battle of Lissa, was a unique ironclad warship built for the Austro-Hungarian Navy in the 1860s and 1870s, the only member of her class. She was the first casemate ship built for Austria-Hungary, she was armed with a main battery of twelve 9-inch (229 mm) guns in a central armored casemate, unlike the earlier broadside ironclads. Construction of the ship lasted from June 1867 to May 1871, and was delayed by budgetary shortfalls; the lack of funding also plagued the ship during her career, preventing her from taking an active role in the fleet. She spent the majority of her time in service laid up in Pola, apart from a lengthy reconstruction in 1880–1881. Lissa was ultimately stricken from the fleet in 1892 and broken up for scrap starting the following year.

Design

General characteristics and machinery

Lissa was 86.76 meters (284.6 ft) long at the waterline and 89.38 m (293.2 ft) long overall. She had a beam of 17.32 m (56.8 ft) and an average draft of 8.5 m (28 ft). She displaced 7,086 metric tons (6,974 long tons; 7,811 short tons). Her hull and most of the upper works, including the casemate, were wooden with iron plating attached, though the sides on either end of the casemate were iron-built.[1] The ship was fitted with a ram bow.[2] She had a crew of 620 officers and enlisted men.[1]

Her propulsion system consisted of one single-expansion, horizontal, 2-cylinder steam engine that drove a single screw propeller that was 6.62 m (21.7 ft) in diameter. Steam was provided by seven boilers with thirty fireboxes; the boilers were trunked into a single funnel located amidships. Her engine produced a top speed of 12.83 knots (23.76 km/h; 14.76 mph) from 3,619 indicated horsepower (2,699 kW), though on speed trials conducted on 9 May 1871, the ship reached a speed of 13.29 knots (24.61 km/h; 15.29 mph). At top speed, the ship had a cruising radius of 1,420 nautical miles (2,630 km; 1,630 mi). To supplement the steam engine, Lissa was originally fitted with a full ship rig with 3,112 square meters (33,500 sq ft). In 1886, her rigging was cut down significantly to 1,404 m2 (15,110 sq ft).[1][3]

Armament and armor

Lissa was a casemate ship, and she was armed with a main battery of twelve 9-inch (229 mm) breech-loading guns manufactured by Krupp's Essen Works. Ten of these were mounted in a central, armored battery that fired on the broadside only, with the gun ports 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) above the waterline. The other two guns were placed in a smaller redoubt mounted directly above the main casemate that hung over the lower casemate and allowed for limited end-on fire for some of the guns.[1][2] These guns could penetrate up to 264 mm (10.4 in) of iron armor.[3] She also carried several smaller guns, including four 8-pounder muzzle-loading, rifled (MLR) guns and two 3-pounder MLR guns. The ship's armored belt was composed of wrought iron plate that was 152 mm (6 in) thick, backed with 770 mm (30.3 in) of wood.[1] The belt extended for 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in) below the waterline.[3] The main battery casemate had 127 mm (5.0 in) of iron plating, backed with 724 mm (28.5 in) of wood. Transverse bulkheads on either end of the casemate were 114 mm (4.5 in) thick.[1]

Service history

Lissa was laid down on 27 June 1867 at the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino (STT) shipyard in San Marco. She was launched on 25 February 1869 and began fitting-out work.[1] The following month, Kaiser Franz Joseph visited the shipyard where Lissa was being built.[4] Completion of the ship was delayed due to limited budgets for the Navy and the significant expense of importing the vessel's armor plate from Britain, and Lissa was not completed until May 1871.[1][5] Not only did objections to naval expenditures from the Hungarian half of the Dual Monarchy delay construction of Lissa, but they also constrained the general naval budget, which prevented the fleet from being active in peacetime.[6] The death of the fleet commander, Wilhelm von Tegetthoff, in 1871 exacerbated the budgetary problems, as his replacement, Friedrich von Pöck, lacked the prestige to convince the government to increase funding.[7] The ironclad fleet, including Lissa, was kept out of service in Pola, laid up in reserve; the only vessels to see significant service in the 1870s were several steam frigates sent abroad.[8]

Nevertheless, Lissa was formally assigned to the active ironclad squadron through 1887.[3] During this period, Lissa had a serious accident on the night of 3–4 September 1872. While anchored off Corfu, a major fire broke out aboard the ship near the propellant magazine, though the crew was able to put it out before it could reach the highly explosive propellant charges. In 1875, the ship received new boilers, and the following year her rigging was modified.[9] By 1880, the ship's hull was badly rotten, and so Lissa was taken into drydock at the Pola Arsenal, where the shipyard workers stripped off much of the vessel's armor plate to replace the deteriorated timber with new wood. The work was completed the following year, allowing the ship to return to service.[10] While in drydock, the ship's armament was also revised; the original twelve 9-inch guns were retained, but the light battery was completely revised. The old MLRs were replaced with four 9 cm (3.5 in) 24-caliber guns and a pair of 7 cm (2.8 in) 15-cal. guns, and three 47 mm (1.9 in) Hotchkiss guns and a pair of 25 mm (0.98 in) auto-cannon were added.[1]

After completing the overhaul, she returned to her place in the active squadron, remaining there until 1888, when she was reassigned to the II Reserve.[3] She received further modifications during this period, with torpedo launchers added in 1885 and new quick-firing versions of her main battery guns were installed.[11] She was visited by Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria on 27 March 1885.[12] The ship remained in the Austro-Hungarian inventory, seeing little activity before she was stricken from the naval register on 13 November 1892. Lissa was broken up for scrap between 1893 and 1895.[1]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gardiner, p. 269
  2. ^ a b Very, p. 7
  3. ^ a b c d e Pawlik, p. 43
  4. ^ Sondhaus, p. 22
  5. ^ Sondhaus, p. 25
  6. ^ Gardiner, p. 267
  7. ^ Sondhaus, p. 37
  8. ^ Sondhaus, pp. 40–41
  9. ^ Pawlik, pp. 43–44
  10. ^ Sondhaus, p. 78
  11. ^ Pawlik, p. 44
  12. ^ Pawlik, p. 47

References

  • Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-133-5.
  • Pawlik, Georg (2003). Des Kaisers Schwimmende Festungen: die Kasemattschiffe Österreich-Ungarns [The Kaiser's Floating Fortresses: The Casemate Ships of Austria-Hungary]. Vienna: Neuer Wissenschaftlicher Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7083-0045-0.
  • Sondhaus, Lawrence (1994). The Naval Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1867–1918. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-034-9.
  • Very, Edward W. (1880). Navies of the World. New York: John Wiley & Sons. OCLC 20400836.
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