View source for San Lorenzo Zustinian-class ship of the line

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''San Lorenzo Zustinian''-class ship of the line}}
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|Name=''San Lorenzo Zustinian''
|Builders= [[Arsenal of Venice]]
|Operators={{flagicon|Most Serene Republic of Venice}} [[Venetian Navy]]
|Class before={{sclass|Giove Fulminante|ship of the line|4}}
|Class after={{sclass|Corona|ship of the line|4}}
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|In service range= 1691–1746
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|Total ships completed= 29
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|Ship length= {{cvt|39.95|–|42.38|m|ftin}} (115–122 Venetian feet)
|Ship beam= {{cvt|13.20|m|ftin}} (38 Ven. ft)
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|Ship draught= {{cvt|5.75|m|ftin}} (16.55 Ven. ft)
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|Ship armament=*70 guns:<ref group=N>The actual types embarked varied over years, with the last third batch vessels able to carry only 66 guns due to the increased weight of the armament used.</ref>
*Gundeck: 28
*Upper gundeck: 28
*Quarterdeck: 12
*Forecastle: 2
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The '''''San Lorenzo Zustinian'' class''' were a class of at least twenty-nine 70-gun [[third-rate]] [[ships of the line]] built by the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] [[Arsenal of Venice|Arsenale]] from 1691 to 1746, in three different series with minor changes in the ships' length.<ref group=N>Note that by contemporary British practice these 70-gun ships should be rated as third rates, but the Venetian Navy considered the ''San Lorenzo Zustinian''-class first rate vessels. This different classification was never changed for prestige issues.</ref> It was the most numerous class of ship of the line built in [[Venice]], and the last to see active service in a war against the Ottoman Empire in 1718. All this class' ships were planned before 1720, and the vast majority was launched before the [[Peace of Passarowitz]]. The last four vessels were completed to 70% in 1720s, then stored in the roofed shipbuilding docks of the Arsenale to be finished and launched between 1739 and 1746, a solution that was widely used with the following {{sclass|Leon Trionfante|ship of the line|4}}.

Those class ships were the first to enter service under the Venetian classification standards, devised by the ''Ammiraglio dell'Arsenal'' [[Stefano Antipa]] in 1694.<ref>{{Harvp|Ercole|2011|p=64}}</ref> In 1696, the ''Sol d'Oro'', a vessel of this class, was the first ship launched with standardized colours in the Venetian sailing fleet.<ref>{{Harvp|Ercole|2011|p=44}}</ref>

== Background and design ==
After the losses of the ships ''San Marco Grande'', ''Sant'Iseppo'' and ''Monton d'Oro'' weakened the [[Venetian navy|Armada Grossa]], the [[Venetian Senate|Senate]] decided lo launch two more (Venetian) first rate vessels. Those two ships, ordered in 1690, were intended to be part of the [[Giove Fulminante class ship of the line|''Giove Fulminante''-class]], and had to copy the waterlines of ''Costanza Guerriera'', built by [[Iseppo Depieri di Piero]] some years before. Actually, only the first vessel, the ''Leon Coronato'', built again by Depieri, respected those intentions: the second, baptized ''San Lorenzo Zustinian'', was built by [[Stefano de Zuanne de Michiel]] and turned out to be quite different.<ref name=:02>{{Harvp|Ercole|2011|p=61}}</ref>

Although its design was derived from the previous class, the ship was bigger, having a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of 38 Venetian feet (13.20 m), a keel [[Length between perpendiculars|length]] of 115 Ven. feet (39.95 m) and a normal [[Draft (hull)|draught]] of 16.55 Ven. feet (5.75 m).<ref name=:02/> Moreover, it could embark 70 guns instead of 68, carrying at first 4 culverins and 24 20-pounder guns on the gundeck, 4 culverins and 24 14-pounder guns on the upper gundeck, 12 12-pounder guns on the quarterdeck and 2 14-pounder culverins on the forecastle.<ref name=:03>{{Harvp|Ercole|2011|p=230}}</ref><ref group=N>Note that the Venetian scale used the ''libbra sottile'' (0.301&nbsp;kg)</ref> Being larger and longer than the ''Giove Fulminante'', the ''San Lorenzo'' was more stable, and could also exit from [[Malamocco]] with the complete armament on board. For all these reasons, it was considered the first and namesake of a new ship of the line class, the most numerous ever built in the [[Arsenal of Venice|Arsenal]].<ref name=:02/>

== Ships ==
=== First batch (1690–94) ===

{| class="wikitable"
! align = center|Ship
! align = center|Builder<ref name=:01>{{Harvp|Ercole|2011|p=230-245}}</ref>
! align = center|Ordered<ref name=:01/>
! align = center|[[Ceremonial ship launching|Launched]]<ref name=:01/><ref name="Levi01">{{Harvp|Levi|1896|pp=24–34}}</ref>
! align = center|[[Ship decommissioning|Decommissioned]]<ref name=:01/><ref name="Levi01"/>
! align = center|Fate<ref name="Levi01"/>
|-
|[[Venetian ship San Lorenzo Zustinian (1690)|''San Lorenzo Zustinian'']]
|[[Stefano de Zuanne de Michiel]]
|3 June 1690
|11 April 1691
|4 August 1712
|Pontoon
|-
|[[Venetian ship Stella Maris|''Stella Maris'']]
|[[Stefano de Zuanne de Michiel]]
|22 May 1692
|15 April 1693
|9 February 1694
|Lost in combat
|-
|[[Venetian ship Iride|''Iride'']]
|[[Antonio Filetto]]
|9 June 1694
|27 August 1695
|18 December 1718
|Pontoon
|-
|[[Venetian ship San Sebastiàn|''San Sebastiàn'']]
|[[Iseppo Depieri di Piero]]
|9 June 1694
|29 August 1695
|2 September 1697
|Lost in combat
|}

=== Second batch (1695–1708) ===

{| class="wikitable"
! align = center|Ship
! align = center|Builder<ref name=:01/>
! align = center|Ordered<ref name=:01/>
! align = center|[[Ceremonial ship launching|Launched]]<ref name=:01/><ref name="Levi01"/>
! align = center|[[Ship decommissioning|Decommissioned]]<ref name=:01/><ref name="Levi01"/>
! align = center|Fate<ref name="Levi01"/>
|-
|[[Venetian ship Aurora|''Aurora'']]
|[[Giacomo Caenon]]
|2 April 1695
|4 March 1696
|3 October 1709
|Broken up
|-
|[[Venetian ship Tigre|''Tigre'']]
|[[Iseppo Depieri di Zuanne]]
|2 April 1695
|26 May 1696
|7 April 1705
|Scuttled
|-
|[[Venetian ship Sol d'Oro (1695)|''Sol d'Oro'']]
|[[Iseppo Veruda]]
|2 April 1695
|26 May 1696
|28 November 1705
|Broken up
|-
|[[Venetian ship Giove|''Giove'']]
|[[Zuanne da Venezia]]
|2 April 1695
|29 May 1696
|18 March 1717
|Broken up
|-
|[[Venetian ship Amazzone Guerriera|''Amazzone Guerriera'']]
|[[Iseppo Depieri di Piero]]
|21 April 1696
|2 May 1697
|19 January 1712
|Wrecked
|-
|[[Venetian ship Rizzo d'Oro|''Rizzo d'Oro'']]
|[[Giacomo Caenon]]
|21 April 1696
|4 May 1697
|15 July 1711
|Broken up
|-
|[[Venetian ship Aquila Valiera|''Aquila Valiera'']]
|[[Iseppo Depieri di Zuanne]]
|4 May 1697
|11 March 1698
|7 August 1720
|Broken up
|-
|[[Venetian ship Croce Rossa|''Croce Rossa'']]
|[[Zuanne da Venezia]]
|4 May 1697
|11 arch 1698
|30 November 1715
|Wrecked
|-
|[[Venetian ship Colomba d'Oro|''Colomba d'Oro'']]
|[[Iseppo Depieri di Piero]]
|24 August 1697
|23 April 1709
|20 March 1727
|Pontoon
|-
|[[Venetian ship Grand'Alessandro|''Grand'Alessandro'']]
|[[Antonio Filetto]]
|24 August 1697
|18 August 1709
|5 January 1729
|Broken up
|-
|[[Venetian ship Costanza|''Costanza'']]
|[[Giacomo Caenon]]
|27 May 1700
|29 September 1714
|27 November 1745
|Broken up
|-
|[[Venetian ship Madonna della Salute (1714)|''Madonna della Salute'']]
|[[Iseppo Depieri di Zuanne]]
|27 May 1700
|23 January 1714
|5 January 1740
|Broken up
|-
|[[Venetian ship Terror|''Terror'']]
|Zuanne Monello
|1707
|1 March 1715
|17 August 1748
|Pontoon
|-
|[[Venetian ship Regina del Mar|''Regina del Mar'']]
|[[Antonio Veruda]]
|28 January 1708
|1 March 1715
|12 January 1716
|Blew up in harbour
|-
|[[Venetian ship San Lorenzo Zustinian (1708)|''San Lorenzo Zustinian'' II]]
|[[Giacomo Caenon]]
|28 January 1708
|21 June 1715
|5 March 1744
|Broken up
|-
|[[Venetian ship Trionfo|''Trionfo'']]
|[[Zuanne Venturini]]
|28 January 1708
|23 June 1715
|5 January 1740
|Broken up
|}

=== Third batch (1714–1717)===

{| class="wikitable"
! align = center|Ship
! align = center|Builder<ref name=:01/>
! align = center|Ordered<ref name=:01/>
! align = center|[[Ceremonial ship launching|Launched]]<ref name=:01/><ref name="Levi01"/>
! align = center|[[Ship decommissioning|Decommissioned]]<ref name=:01/><ref name="Levi01"/>
! align = center|Fate<ref name="Levi01"/>
|-
|[[Venetian ship Madonna dell'Arsenal|''Madonna dell'Arsenal'']]
|[[Giacomo Moro]]
|13 December 1714
|22 March 1716
|5 January 1740
|Broken up
|-
|[[Venetian ship San Gaetano|''San Gaetano'']]
|[[Zuan Battista de Zorzi]]
|13 December 1714
|8 November 1716
|12 November 1733
|Broken up
|-
|[[Venetian ship San Pio V|''San Pio V'']]
|[[Antonio Veruda]]
|13 December 1714
|8 November 1716
|5 January 1740
|Broken up
|-
|[[Venetian ship Gloria Veneta (1714)|''Gloria Veneta'']]
|[[Zuanne Venturini]]
|13 December 1714
|7 February 1717
|3 August 1737
|Pontoon
|-
|[[Venetian ship Fortuna Guerriera|''Fortuna Guerriera'']]
|[[Antonio Massarini]]
|13 December 1714
|14 March 1717
|21 May 1740
|Broken up
|-
|[[Venetian ship Adria in Pace|''Adria in Pace'']]
|[[Andrea Gallina]]
|''Unknown''
|3 August 1739
|9 October 1753
|Wrecked
|-
|[[Venetian ship Europa|''Europa'']]
|[[Zuanne Novello]]
|''Unknown''
|23 October 1739
|5 October 1764
|Broken up
|-
|[[Venetian ship Sant'Ignazio|''Sant'Ignazio'']]
|[[Zuanne Novello]]
|13 March 1717
|24 July 1744
|12 March 1763
|Wrecked
|-
|[[Venetian ship Sant'Iseppo (1717)|''Sant'Iseppo'']]
|[[Andrea Gallina]]
|13 March 1717
|4 June 1746
|5 October 1764
|Broken up
|}

== Construction and developments ==
The ''San Lorenzo Zustinian'' was built with the traditional "single frame" technique used at the time in the [[Arsenal of Venice|Venetian Arsenal]], but with thicker pieces: the main frames were 22&nbsp;cm thick instead of the 17&nbsp;cm of the ''Giove Fulminante''-class.<ref name=:03/>
This experimental vessel was met with overall applause, and with a decree dated 19 December 1693 the Senate ordered to take her as model for new first rates construction.<ref>{{Harvp|Levi|1896|p=103}}</ref> Stefano de Zuanne de Michiel, its designer and builder, was instructed to build another one with the same measures, that was eventually baptized ''Stella Maris'', and two other vessels were ordered and laid down.<ref>{{Harvp|Ercole|2011|p=62}}</ref>

After the [[Battle of Chios (1694)]], the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] fleet, that lost in the fight two of her four most powerful vessels, the ''Leon Coronato'' and the newly built ''Stella Maris'', found herself into a severe shortage of battleship. To answer this issue, the [[Venetian Senate|Senate]] ordered the immediate laying down of four new first rate vessel, built on the measures of the ''San Lorenzo'' but able to carry the newly designed 30-pounder guns on the gundeck and 20-pounders on the upper gundeck. To meet these requirements, the ships length was increased to 118 Venetian feet (41.03 m), thus originating the second batch of the ''San Lorenzo''-class. Those ships structures was further strengthened, in order to sustain the stronger concussion of bigger guns, by inserting reinforcement ribbings between the frames under the waterline, a solution originally implemented on the captured Ottoman vessels ''Sant'Alvise'', ''Santissima Annunziata'' and ''San Marco Grande'' in 1651.<ref>{{Harvp|Ercole|2011|p=68}}</ref>

Vessels of this batch were built throughout the following 13 years – the last was ordered in 1708 – and their aging design led to new problems. In the final stages of the [[Morean War]], the ''San Lorenzo''-class vessels, at the time the larger ships in Venetian service, started to embark 50-pounder guns on their gundecks. Moreover, part of those ships, finished in a great hurry during the war, were built with not properly seasoned wood, and deteriorated quickly.<ref>{{Harvp|Levi|1896|p=105}}</ref> The need to sustain the stress of more powerful guns, and the arguments over the resistance of Venetian vessels born out of many cases of hogging in mothballed ships led shipbuilders to reinforce the internal structures of new vessels, and increase their frames thickness to 28.2&nbsp;cm. The results were evident in the ''Colomba d'Oro'' and the ''Grand'Alessandro'': being heavier, they drew more, and turned out to be slow in any wind condition.<ref>{{Harvp|Ercole|2011|p=95}}</ref>

To solve this problem, in 1702 [[Fabio Bonvicini]], that had been ''Capitano Ordinario delle Navi'' during the war and was now a Senate member, proposed to build longer ships with thicker frames, able to carry 50-pounder guns, with reduced beam and smaller decks height.<ref>{{Harvp|Levi|1896|pp=81–103}}</ref> Only in 1708, winning the opposition of Arsenal's master builders, was laid down a ship that corresponded to Bonvicini suggestion, the [[Corona class ship of the line|''Corona'']], launched in November 1711, but, due to arguments over the danger posed by rough sea to the big first rate ships, it was not replicated.<ref>{{Harvp|Ercole|2011|p=97}}</ref>

In the summer of 1714, when the [[Turkish-Venetian War (1714-1718)|Ottoman-Venetian War of 1714–1718]] was about to start, the consistence of the ''Armata Grossa'' was reduced to only 22 vessels, mostly second and third rates. To reinforce the naval forces that were about to clash with a 40 vessels strong Ottoman fleet, the works ongoing on the last four vessels of the second batch were accelerated. As those ships were launched, six new first-rates were ordered and laid down in the Arsenal: they were still inspired by the ''San Lorenzo'', but modified according to Bonvicini's notes. Those new vessels, able to carry 50-pounder guns on the gundeck and 30-pounders on the upper gundeck, had a keel length of 122 Venetian feet (42.38 m) and formed the third batch of the class.<ref>{{Harvp|Ercole|2011|pp=99–100}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Venetian Navy]]
* [[Arsenal of Venice]]
* [[Battle of Imbros (1717)]]

==References==
=== Notes ===
<references group=N/>

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book | last = Ercole | first = Guido | title = Vascelli e fregate della Serenissima: Navi di linea della Marina veneziana 1652-1797 | trans-title = Ships of the Line and Frigates of the Serenissima: Ships of the Line in the Venetian Navy 1652-1797 | year = 2011 | publisher = Gruppo Modellistico Trentino | location = Trento | isbn = 978-88-90565-14-4 | language = Italian }}
* {{cite book|last1=Levi|first1=Cesare Augusto|title=Navi da guerra costruite nell'Arsenale di Venezia dal 1664 al 1896|date=1896|publisher=Stabilimento Tipografico F.lli Visentini|location=Venezia}}

{{Venetian navy}}
[[Category:Ships of the line of the Venetian navy| ]]
[[Category:Ship of the line classes]]
[[Category:Ships built by the Venetian Arsenal]]
[[Category:17th century in the Republic of Venice]]
[[Category:18th century in the Republic of Venice]]