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Sarah Rector

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Sarah Rector
Rector in 1912
Born(1902-03-03)March 3, 1902
Indian Territory now Taft, Oklahoma, U.S.
DiedJuly 22, 1967(1967-07-22) (aged 65)
Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.
Resting placeBlackjack Cemetery,
Taft, Oklahoma, U.S.
EducationTuskegee University
Spouses
  • Kenneth Campbell
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1920⁠–⁠1930)​
  • William Crawford
    ​
    (m. 1934)​
Children3
Sarah Rector

Sarah Rector, also Sarah Rector Campbell and Sarah Campbell Crawford, (March 3, 1902 – July 22, 1967)[1] was a Black citizen of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation, best known for being the "Richest Colored Girl in the world".[2][3]

Early life

Sarah Rector was born in 1902 near the all-black town of Taft, located in the eastern portion of Oklahoma,[3] in what was then Indian Territory. She had five siblings. Her parents, Rose McQueen and her husband, Joseph Rector (both born 1881)[4] were the grandchildren of slaves owned by the Creek Indians before the Civil War,[5] and which became part of the Muscogee Creek Nation after the Treaty of 1866. As such, they and their descendants were listed as freedmen on the Dawes Rolls, by which they were entitled to land allotments under the Treaty of 1866 made by the United States with the Five Civilized Tribes.[6] Consequently, nearly 600 black children, or Muscogee Freedmen minors as they were called, were granted land allotments,[7] and Sarah Rector was allotted 159.14 acres (64 hectares).[8] This was a mandatory step in the process of integration of the Indian Territory with Oklahoma Territory to form what is now the State of Oklahoma.[9][10]

Sarah's father Joseph was the son of John Rector, a Muscogee Freedman.[11] John Rector's father Benjamin McQueen, was enslaved by Reilly Grayson who was a Muscogee Creek Indian. John Rector's mother Mollie McQueen was enslaved by Muscogee leader, Opothole Yahola who fought in the Seminole wars and split with the tribe, moving his followers to Kansas.

Oil strike and wealth

The parcel allotted to Sarah Rector was located in Glenpool, 60 miles (97 km) from where she and her family lived. It was considered inferior infertile soil, not suitable for farming, with better land being reserved for white settlers and members of the tribe. The family lived simply but not in poverty; however, the $30 annual property tax on Sarah's parcel was such a burden that her father petitioned the Muskogee County Court to sell the land. His petition was denied because of certain restrictions placed on the land, so he was required to continue paying the taxes.[7]

To help cover this expense, in February 1911, Joseph Rector leased Sarah's parcel to the Standard Oil Company. In 1913, the independent oil driller B.B. Jones drilled a well on the property which produced a "gusher" that began to bring in 2,500 barrels (400 m3) of oil a day. Rector began to receive a daily income of $300 from this strike. The law at the time required full-blooded Indians, black adults, and children who were citizens of Indian Territory with significant property and money, to be assigned "well-respected" white guardians.[12] Thus, as soon as Rector began to receive this windfall, there was pressure to change Rector's guardianship from her parents to a local white resident named T.J. (or J.T.) Porter, an individual known to the family. Rector's allotment subsequently became part of the Cushing-Drumright Oil Field. In October 1913, Rector received royalties of $11,567.[7]

As news of Rector's wealth spread worldwide, she began to receive requests for loans, money gifts, and marriage proposals, despite the fact that she was only 12 years old.[7] Given her wealth, in 1913 the Oklahoma Legislature made an effort to have her declared white, allowing Rector to reap the benefits of her elevated social standing, such as riding in a first class car on the trains.[4]

In 1914, an African American journal, The Chicago Defender, began to take an interest in Rector, just as rumors began to fly that she was a white immigrant who was being kept in poverty. The newspaper published an article claiming that her estate was being mismanaged by her family and that she was uneducated, and had a poor quality of life. This caused National African American leaders Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois to become concerned about her welfare.[4] In June of that year, a special agent for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), James C. Waters Jr, sent a memo to Du Bois regarding her situation. Waters had been corresponding with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the United States Children's Bureau over concerns regarding the mismanagement of Rector's estate. He wrote of her white financial guardian:

Is it not possible to have her cared for in a decent manner and by people of her own race, instead of by a member of a race which would deny her and her kind the treatment accorded a good yard dog?

This prompted Du Bois to establish the Children's Department of the NAACP, which would investigate claims of white guardians who were suspected of depriving black children of their land and wealth. Washington also intervened to help the Rector family.[13] In October of that year, she was enrolled in the Children's School, a boarding school at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, headed by Washington. Upon graduation, she attended the Institute.[4]

Rector was already a millionaire by the time she had turned 18 in 1920. She owned stocks, bonds, a boarding house, businesses, and a 2,000-acre piece of prime river bottomland. At that point, she left Tuskegee and, with her entire family, moved to Kansas City, Missouri. She purchased a house on 12th Street, known as the Rector House, which is currently owned by a local nonprofit, with the intention of restoration and historical and cultural preservation.[14]

Soon after moving to Kansas City, when she was 17 or 18, she married local businessman Kenneth Campbell in 1920.[1] The wedding was a very private affair with only her mother and Campbell's paternal grandmother present. The couple had three sons before divorcing in 1930.[4] In 1934, she married restaurant owner William Crawford.[1][15]

Later life

Rector lived a comfortable life and, with a taste for fine clothing and cars, enjoyed her wealth. She threw lavish parties and entertained celebrities such as Count Basie and Duke Ellington.[16]

Rector died on July 22, 1967, at the age of 65. She is interred in Blackjack cemetery in her childhood hometown of Taft.[17]

References

  1. ^ a b c Dennis, Megan. "Sarah Rector". The Kansas City Public Library. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  2. ^ Chicago Defender November 4, 1922 page 1
  3. ^ a b Patton, Stacey (Spring 2010). The Crisis magazine-The Richest Colored Girl in the World. pp. 31–34. Retrieved 14 May 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ a b c d e "Remembering Sarah Rector, Creek Freedwoman". The African-Native American Genealogy Blog.
  5. ^ Henley, Lauren N. (2021-02-16). "The Richest Black Girl in America". Truly*Adventurous. Retrieved 2021-02-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ^ "Rector, Sarah". BlackPast.org.
  7. ^ a b c d "Sarah Rector The Richest Black Girl In The World". Afrocentric Culture by Design. May 19, 2010. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  8. ^ Bolden 18
  9. ^ Walton-Raji, Angela Y. "The African-Native American Genealogy Blog".
  10. ^ Bolden, Tonya (7 January 2014). Searching for Sarah Rector: The Richest Black Girl in America. Abrams. pp. 51–. ISBN 978-1-61312-531-1.
  11. ^ Bolden 9
  12. ^ Gerkin, Steve (2015-03-24). "The Unlikely Baroness | This Land Press - Made by You and Me". This Land Press. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  13. ^ Patton, Stacey (October 20, 2011). "The Richest Colored girl in the world". Crisis. 117 (2). Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  14. ^ "United Inner City Services Hope Murals Bring Attention to the Rector House". 17 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  15. ^ "EOC Black History Facts: Sarah Rector". Economic Opportunity Commission of Nassau County, Inc. 10 February 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  16. ^ "Black History Month – From the Archives – Sarah Rector: The Richest Colored Girl in the World". 16 February 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  17. ^ Jones, Carmen (February 15, 1991). "Sarah Rector: Kansas City's First Black Millionairess". The Kansas City Call.

Bibliography

Further reading

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