# Schlessinger's theorem

In algebra, Schlessinger's theorem is a theorem in deformation theory introduced by Schlessinger (1968) that gives conditions for a functor of artinian local rings to be pro-representable, refining an earlier theorem of Grothendieck.

## Definitions

Λ is a complete Noetherian local ring with residue field k, and C is the category of local Artinian Λ-algebras (meaning in particular that as modules over Λ they are finitely generated and Artinian) with residue field k.

A small extension in C is a morphism YZ in C that is surjective with kernel a 1-dimensional vector space over k.

A functor is called representable if it is of the form hX where hX(Y)=hom(X,Y) for some X, and is called pro-representable if it is of the form Y→lim hom(Xi,Y) for a filtered direct limit over i in some filtered ordered set.

A morphism of functors FG from C to sets is called smooth if whenever YZ is an epimorphism of C, the map from F(Y) to F(ZG(Z)G(Y) is surjective. This definition is closely related to the notion of a formally smooth morphism of schemes. If in addition the map between the tangent spaces of F and G is an isomorphism, then F is called a hull of G.

## Grothendieck's theorem

Grothendieck (1960, proposition 3.1) showed that a functor from the category C of Artinian algebras to sets is pro-representable if and only if it preserves all finite limits. This condition is equivalent to asking that the functor preserves pullbacks and the final object. In fact Grothendieck's theorem applies not only to the category C of Artinian algebras, but to any category with finite limits whose objects are Artinian.

By taking the projective limit of the pro-representable functor in the larger category of linearly topologized local rings, one obtains a complete linearly topologized local ring representing the functor.

## Schlessinger's representation theorem

One difficulty in applying Grothendieck's theorem is that it can be hard to check that a functor preserves all pullbacks. Schlessinger showed that it is sufficient to check that the functor preserves pullbacks of a special form, which is often easier to check. Schlessinger's theorem also gives conditions under which the functor has a hull, even if it is not representable.

Schessinger's theorem gives conditions for a set-valued functor F on C to be representable by a complete local Λ-algebra R with maximal ideal m such that R/mn is in C for all n.

Schlessinger's theorem states that a functor from C to sets with F(k) a 1-element set is representable by a complete Noetherian local algebra if it has the following properties, and has a hull if it has the first three properties:

• H1: The map F(Y×XZ)→F(YF(X)F(Z) is surjective whenever ZX is a small extension in C and YX is some morphism in C.
• H2: The map in H1 is a bijection whenever ZX is the small extension k[x]/(x2)→k.
• H3: The tangent space of F is a finite-dimensional vector space over k.
• H4: The map in H1 is a bijection whenever Y=Z is a small extension of X and the maps from Y and Z to X are the same.

## References

• Grothendieck (1960), Technique de descente et théorèmes d'existence en géométrie algébrique, II. Le théorème d'existence en théorie formelle des modules, Séminaire Bourbaki, 12
• Schlessinger, Michael (1968), "Functors of Artin rings", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 130: 208–222, doi:10.2307/1994967, ISSN 0002-9947, JSTOR 1994967, MR 0217093