Scientific demonstration

A scientific demonstration is a scientific experiment carried out for the purposes of demonstrating scientific principles, rather than for hypothesis testing or knowledge gathering (although they may originally have been carried out for these purposes).

Most scientific demonstrations are simple laboratory demonstrations intended to demonstrate physical principles, often in a surprising or entertaining way. They are carried out in schools and universities, and sometimes in public demonstrations in popular science lectures and TV programs aimed at the general public. Many scientific demonstrations are chosen for their combination of educational merit and entertainment value, which is often provided by dramatic phenomena such as explosions.

Public scientific demonstrations were a common occurrence in the Age of Enlightenment, and have long been a feature of the British Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, which date back to 1825. In the television era, scientific demonstrations have featured in science-related entertainment shows such as Mythbusters and Brainiac: Science Abuse.

Some famous scientific demonstrations include:

Al-Biruni's reaction time
Alhazen's camera obscura, lamp experiment and magnifying lens
Al-Jazari's crankshaft, elephant clock and programmable robots
Avenzoar's parasites
Detonating a cloud of flour
Foucault's pendulum
Galileo Galilei's ball experiments, pendulum and telescope
Heron's fountain and aeolipile
Ibn al-Nafis' pulmonary circulation and coronary circulation
Gyroscopic bicycle wheel
Nylon rope trick
Prince Rupert's Drops
Shooting a candle through a plank
Taqi al-Din's alarm clock, steam turbine
Using a linear motor as a gun
Using compressed air to drive a water rocket
Using liquid nitrogen to shatter a rose
William Harvey's circulatory system

Note: many scientific demonstrations are potentially dangerous, and should not be attempted without considerable laboratory experience and appropriate safety precautions. Many older well-known scientific demonstrations, once mainstays of science education, are now effectively impossible to demonstrate to an audience without breaking health and safety laws. Some older demonstrations, such as allowing the audience to play with liquid mercury, are sufficiently dangerous that they should not be attempted by anyone under any circumstances.

See also