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Scottish jewellery

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Examples of silver brooches in the form of Scottish Claymore swords with Targe shields

Scottish jewellery is jewellery created in Scotland or in a style associated with Scotland, which today often takes the form of the Celtic style. It is often characterised by being inspired by nature, Scandinavian mythology, and Celtic knot patterns.[1] Jewellery has a history in Scotland dating back to at least the Iron Age.[2]

Traditional examples

Penannular brooch from the St Ninian's Isle Treasure

Traditional examples of Scottish jewellery are often functional objects that have been decorated and over time have become jewellery items. Over time, these necessary objects took on more and more decorative appearances, and are now considered an aesthetic item that is more of an accessory.[citation needed]

Kilt pin

The kilt pin is a functional object that weighs down the edge of the apron of a kilt to keep it in place during movement.[3]

Penannular/ Celtic brooch

The ring and pin style penannular brooch, also known as the Celtic or Viking brooch, had the original purpose of being a fastener for clothing. Also native to Ireland, its design was meant to mirror that of the torc. The first examples of this style of brooch date from circa 700CE.[4] These items were first produced for the elite class out of precious metals, and over time the more simple item of the thistle brooch emerged from this tradition.[citation needed]

Thistle brooch

The thistle brooch is a simpler version of the penannular brooch, with less surface decoration, which gained popularity around 1100. The thistle is the national flower of Scotland and acts as an emblem. Today, thistle brooches are often made of silver and contain a thistle motif, and are not necessarily a penannular brooch.[citation needed]

Examples of different styles of Scottish Luckenbooth brooches with varying decoration styles

Luckenbooth brooch

The Luckenbooth brooch is a style of brooch that originated on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh. It is a kind of annular brooch that is heart shaped. It often comes in the form of two hearts woven together, with more ornate brooches also containing a crown pattern. The name Luckenbooth comes from the locked booths along the royal mile that had a similar pattern. This style first gained popularity in the 17th century, and had a revival in the 19th century in the form of pebble jewellery. They were traditionally given as a token of love or as an engagement present.[5]

A set of 16th Century Scottish Pebble Jewels, made of agate, gold and enamel

Pebble jewellery

Pebble jewellery, featuring the stones agate or "Scotch Pebbles", Cairngorm, jasper, jaspagate, and sometimes bloodstone, freshwater pearls, gold, silver and granite, is a style of jewellery that has a long history associated with Scotland.[6] Queen Victoria helped make the style became fashionable and she collected cairngorm stones on her walks on Beinn a' Bhùird near Balmoral Castle.[7] Pebble jewellery refers to a style rather than a specific item, with many examples of pebble brooches and bracelets, though other items such as pendants have also been known to be decorated in this style.[citation needed]

Materials

The materials traditionally used to create jewellery in Scotland are also found in the local area such as the agate mined from volcanic rocks north of Dundee.[8]

Metals

The most common forms of metal in Scottish jewellery are silver, enamel, gold and pewter.[9][10] These are often the backing to a stone setting in the case of rings and brooches, but can also provide decoration through casting and other decorative methods. Gold can be found locally in Scotland around the areas of Lowther Hills, Wanlockhead, and Leadhills. The first documentation of gold in the area is from the 16th century, and this gold was made into the Scottish Crown and supported a community of goldsmiths around the country who are still active today.[11] There was even a short-lived gold rush in the 1860s. Silver was also actively mined in Scotland, with over five individual sites that, over time, have had silver extracted from them. There was a silver mine at Hilderston near Bathgate in 1608.[12]

Stones

Stones such as agate, cairngorm citrine, jasper, malachite and granite were mined in the hills of Scotland and were popular in jewellery. Agate was made popular in Scottish jewellery styles in the 19th century, popularised by Queen Victoria.[13] These stones are often found on bracelets, pendants and brooches.

Sapphires, although rare in Scotland, can be mined from the Isle of Harris.[14]

Scottish pearls

Pearls are often often used in jewellery in Scotland. They were added to the Scottish Crown in the 16th century, and embroidered on the costumes of Mary, Queen of Scots and Anne of Denmark. They come from a pearl-bearing mussel, half the population of which are native to Scotland.[15]

The Privy Council of Scotland regulated the collection of pearls in Scottish waters. In 1622 the pearl trade was investigated. A few pearls had been sold without licence in Aberdeen. Pearls were found in the Forth, the Cart near Paisley, and in some of the Galloway rivers.[16]

Techniques

Throughout history, metalworkers did not only produce jewellery, but also worked to produce handles and decorative cookware.[17] Cold metalworking techniques can be used to make penannular brooches, beginning with wire and then flattening the ends to create the brooch shape.[18]

History

A pendant with a Celtic pattern from Iona

The crafting of jewellery or fictional items that could have been embellished to create a form of jewellery has a history in Scotland dating back to at least 300BCE, with the emergence of the "Celtic" style of decoration.[19] The Celtic style and the Pictish style are very similar and both have an influence in Scottish jewellery today. Pictish has been discovered through archaeological investigation since the 18th century, and is commonly made of silver. A sizeable example of a discovery of Pictish jewellery was found at the Gaulcross hoard in Aberdeenshire, with examples of fragments of silver bracelets, brooches, and pendants from the post-Roman period. These finds contain examples of chain work, and ornate decoration on the fragments. They are now on display at the National Museum in Edinburgh. Other Pictish hoards have often found torcs, and different kinds of penannular brooches, some zoomorphic, though bronze brooches are more common than silver.[20]

In the Middle Ages, ornate jewellery was a sign of a high class. Lower-class people tended to wear more simple items that were primarily functional and made of more simple materials such as copper or pewter, compared to richer materials such as silver or gold.[21]

During the 1800s, a boom in the production of Scottish-style jewellery resulted due to the building of railways in Britain and increased access to travel. Scotland became a holiday destination, and jewellery was in demand as a souvenir. As a result, the styles of Scottish jewellery started to be produced in England, specifically Birmingham and Exeter.[22]

A resurgence of Celtic and medieval style Scottish jewellery occurred in the 19th century,[23] as did the popularisation of agate pieces, also known as "pebble jewellery".[24] During this period there was a rise in creation and wear of agate brooches and bracelets due to Queen Victoria's interest in the stone.[citation needed] The interest in agate re-emerged again in the 1970s. The Victoria and Albert Museum has many examples of Scottish jewellery from the later half of the 19th century, both pebble styles and Celtic designs.[25]

The modernist period of jewellery making began in Britain in the 1950s, inspired by the sleek, simple style of Scandinavian designs from earlier in the 20th century. According to the National Museum of Scotland, "British Modernist jewellery became defined by the use of textural, sculptural gold work, inspired by nature and often incorporating large gemstones".[26]

Modern

Today, Scotland offers a wide range of styles of jewellery, ranging from the traditional Celtic style, to vintage Victorian and Edwardian pieces, to contemporary art deco and art nouveau styles.[27]

The tradition of jewellery making in Scotland continues today with many courses offered in Colleges around Scotland in various levels of difficulty in jewellery making.[28]

Crown Jewels

The Scottish Crown in 2011

Despite the Honours of Scotland often being referred to as the "crown jewels", there are no pieces of pure jewellery in the usual sense in the set. It consists of the crown, the sceptre, and the Sword of State.[29] The crown is the only object of the three that is supposed to have been made in Scotland. It was originally dated from approximately 1503, but was remodelled due to damage in 1540 by the Edinburgh goldsmith John Mosman.[30] Over six weeks, Mosman added 68 Scottish freshwater pearls, 41 ounces of gold, and 44 gemstones to the new crown, but also made use of the gold and jewels from the original state crown.[31]

Other Noteworthy Pieces

This section contains information on other famous pieces of jewellery that either originate from or are associated with Scotland.

Stewart Jewels

The Stewart Jewels are items of jewellery that originate from the Stewart dynasty who ruled Scotland for generations and went on to rule England after the death of Elizabeth I. The set consists of three items, all of which are on display with the Honours at Edinburgh Castle: the St. Andrew Jewel, a collar of the Order of the Garter, and a ring with a ruby set into it.[32]

Lorne Jewels

The Lorne Jewels, part of the Secondary Honours of Scotland, were gifted to the nation in the 1930s by Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyle. The jewels consist of a single necklace with a pendant and a locket that was made in London in the 1870s and was a gift from the 9th Duke of Argyll to his soon-to-be wife. It consists of a chain made of diamonds studded with pearls, the pendant has a pearl set in the centre which is surrounded by two rows of diamonds of different shapes. The locket hangs from the bottom of the pendant and is attached by 2 emeralds shaped into the likeness of bog myrtle. The locket itself is shaped like a pear and is encrusted with diamonds, with extra decoration in sapphires depicting the motto of the House of Lorne and the Galley of Lorne. This piece is also on display at Edinburgh Castle.[33]

Noteworthy jewellers

Matthew Auchlek

Matthew and John Auchlek worked for James IV and Margaret Tudor. They were recorded making chains and necklaces. They gilded the sceptre, the king's spurs and the buckles of the queen's bridle and horse harness. Matthew Auchlek gilded a reliquary of Saint Duthac.[34]

John and James Mossman

The two Mossman men, John and his son James, were goldsmiths who worked in Edinburgh in the 16th century. Both served as court jewellers to the Stewart family during their Scottish rule. They are also known for owning the John Knox House in Edinburgh.[35] The identities of the two men are often confused, with some sources being unclear on who is the father and who is the son. John Mossman was an Edinburgh-based goldsmith who is most famous for remodelling the Scottish crown in 1540.[36] He made a reliquary for a bone of St Adrian of May for James V from Scottish gold.[37]

James Mossman was the son of John Mossman. He and James Cockie were made free men of the Edinburgh incorporation of goldsmiths on 1 May 1557.[38] He was the court jeweller for Mary of Guise, and reportedly produced pieces for both her and the royal family.[39] Mossman was executed for his loyalty to Mary, Queen of Scots during the siege of Edinburgh Castle in 1573. He pledged Mary's jewels for loans and set up a mint for silver coins in the castle.[40] He was hanged on 3 August 1573.

Thomas Foulis

Thomas Foulis was a goldsmith who made silver plate for James VI and others. He was an apprentice of Michael Gilbert and became an important financier of the crown.[41]

Jacob Kroger

Anne of Denmark employed Jacob Kroger as her personal jeweller for four years, until he ran away to England with a stable hand and a bag of her jewels.[42]

George Heriot, elder and younger

George Heriot (died 1610) was an important member of the Edinburgh Goldsmith's incorporation. His son George Heriot (1563-1624) is known for supplying jewels to Anne of Denmark, at least two pieces survive. He founded a school in Edinburgh.[43]

Charles Rennie Mackintosh

Although Charles Rennie Mackintosh was not a jeweller himself, he made a significant contribution to influencing the style of jewellery through his work as a designer. Today, "Charles Rennie Mackintosh" jewellery is sold that are pieces made to replicate decorative work he did on furniture, buildings, and light fixtures.[44]

References

  1. ^ "Scotland's amazing jewellery makers". The Blog. 2015-02-09. Retrieved 2018-09-05.
  2. ^ "Iron Age pin recreated using 3D printer". BBC News. 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
  3. ^ "The Essential Kilt Pin". KILT SOCIETY™. Retrieved 2018-09-12.
  4. ^ "A Brief History of the Celtic Brooch | Claddagh Design". www.claddaghdesign.com. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
  5. ^ Jewelry, Walker Metalsmiths Celtic. "History of the Luckenbooth Brooch". Walker Metalsmiths Celtic Jewelry. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
  6. ^ Crawford, Nick (2007). Scottish Pebble Jewellery: Its History and the Materials from Which it Was Made. Kingsdown: Lapidary Stone Publications. ISBN 9780955810602.
  7. ^ Rosalind Marshall & George Dalgleish, The Art of Jewellery in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1991), p. 74.
  8. ^ "Britain's treasure map: our guide on where and how to hunt for treasure". Countryfile.com. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
  9. ^ "Welcome to our Hallmarking Archive | Incorporation of Goldsmiths". www.incorporationofgoldsmiths.org. Retrieved 2018-09-06.
  10. ^ "The Essential Kilt Pin". KILT SOCIETY™. Retrieved 2018-09-12.
  11. ^ "Gold Panning - The Lead Mining Museum". The Lead Mining Museum. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
  12. ^ "The Mines of Scotland: A Bibliography". www.sat.dundee.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
  13. ^ Trudy. "Antique Scottish Jewellery". Beryl Lane. Retrieved 2018-10-01.
  14. ^ "Legal moves take shine off discovery of large sapphire". HeraldScotland. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
  15. ^ "Scottish Pearls". Retrieved 2018-10-04.
  16. ^ Melros Papers, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1837), pp. 446-7.
  17. ^ A. G. G. (1957). "Review of Scottish Gold and Silver Work by Ian Finaly". The Burlington Magazine. 99 no.605 (650): 165–166. JSTOR 872178.
  18. ^ "Easy metal project: basic penannular brooches". Medieval York: Eulalia Hath a Blogge. 2015-08-27. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
  19. ^ "Ancient History of Scotland | Scotland is Now". Scotland. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
  20. ^ Noble, Gordon; Goldberg, Martin; McPherson, Alistair; Sveinbjarnarson, Oskar (2016). "(Re)discovering the Gaulcross hoard". Antiquity. 90 (351): 726–741. doi:10.15184/aqy.2016.71. ISSN 0003-598X.
  21. ^ "V&A · A history of jewellery". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
  22. ^ "Scottish Jewelry - AJU". www.langantiques.com. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
  23. ^ Jewelry, Walker Metalsmiths Celtic. "Antique Irish and Scottish Jewelry Exhibit in Andover". Walker Metalsmiths Celtic Jewelry. Retrieved 2018-09-06.
  24. ^ "Scottish Jewelry - AJU". www.langantiques.com. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
  25. ^ "Brooch | Fenton, James | V&A Search the Collections". collections.vam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
  26. ^ "Explore". National Museums Scotland. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
  27. ^ "Shopping directory: Jewellery: Scotland". The Guardian. 2007-12-08. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
  28. ^ KirstyBarr. "Jewellery Workshop - Beginners". www.gsa.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
  29. ^ "The 'Honours' of Scotland and the Scottish Crown Jewels". Historic UK. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
  30. ^ Ciara.Berry (2016-01-15). "The Honours of Scotland". The Royal Family. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
  31. ^ "Parliament Week: Meet the man who gave the Crown of Scotland a long overdue clean | Culture24". www.culture24.org.uk. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
  32. ^ "The Crown Jewels of Scotland". www.englishmonarchs.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
  33. ^ "The Lorne Jewels". Collections | Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
  34. ^ James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer: 1500-1504, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 376 380, 385, 390.
  35. ^ Express, Britain. "John Knox's House, Royal Mile, Edinburgh | History & Photos". Britain Express. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
  36. ^ "The Crown of Scotland". www.thecourtjeweller.com. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
  37. ^ James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 396.
  38. ^ Jean Munro & Henry Steuart Fotheringham, Edinburgh Goldsmiths' Minutes (SRS: Edinburgh, 2006), p. 23.
  39. ^ Kaler, Bertha Dickie Mossman (1900). Concerning the family of Mossman. Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center. [S.l. : s.n.]
  40. ^ Lenman, Bruce P. (1995). "Jacobean Goldsmith-Jewellers as Credit-Creators: The Cases of James Mossman, James Cockie and George Heriot". The Scottish Historical Review. 74 (198): 159–177. doi:10.3366/shr.1995.74.2.159. JSTOR 25530681.
  41. ^ Julian Goodare, (2004, September 23). 'Foulis, Thomas (c. 1560–1628), goldsmith, financier, and mining entrepreneur', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 29 Sep. 2018, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/73674, subscription or library login required.
  42. ^ Mary Anne Everett Green, Calendar State Papers Domestic, Addenda 1580-1625 (London, 1872), pp. 364-5
  43. ^ Handley, Stuart (2008) [2004]. "Heriot, George (1523–1624)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13078.
  44. ^ "The Charles Rennie Mackintosh Jewellery Collection". Rennie Mackintosh Jewellery. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
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