Shaftesbury Abbey
Shaftesbury Abbey was an abbey that housed nuns in Shaftesbury, Dorset. It was founded in about 888, and dissolved in 1539 during the English Reformation by the order of Thomas Cromwell, minister to King Henry VIII. At the time it was the second wealthiest nunnery in England, behind only Sion Abbey.[1]
Early history
Alfred the Great founded the convent in about 888 and installed his daughter Æthelgifu as the first abbess.[2] Ælfgifu, the wife of Alfred's grandson, King Edmund I, was buried at Shaftesbury and soon venerated as a saint,[3] and she came to be regarded by the house as its true founder.[4]
The relics of St Edward the Martyr were translated from Wareham and received at the abbey with great ceremony. The translation of the relics was overseen by St Dunstan and Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia.[5] This occurred in a great procession beginning on February 13, 981; the relics arrived at Shaftesbury seven days later. The relics were received by the nuns of the abbey and were buried with full royal honours on the north side of the altar. The account of the translation reports that on the way from Wareham to Shaftesbury, a miracle had taken place: when two crippled men were brought close to the bier and those carrying it lowered the body to their level, the cripples were immediately restored to full health. This procession and events were re-enacted 1000 years later in 1981. Reports from Shaftesbury of many other miracles said to have been obtained through Edward's intercession helped establish the abbey as a place of pilgrimage.
In 1001, it was recorded that the tomb in which St Edward lay was observed regularly to rise from the ground. King Æthelred instructed the bishops to raise his brother's tomb from the ground and place it into a more fitting place. The bishops moved the relics to a casket, placed in the holy place of the saints together with other holy relics. This elevation of the relics of Edward took place on 20 June 1001.
Shaftesbury Abbey was rededicated to the Mother of God and St Edward. Many miracles were claimed at the tomb of St Edward, including the healing of lepers and the blind. The abbey became the wealthiest Benedictine nunnery in England, a major pilgrimage site, and the town's central focus.
In 1240 Cardinal Otto Candidus, the legate to the Apostolic See of Pope Gregory IX, visited the abbey and confirmed a charter of 1191, the first entered in the Glastonbury chartulary. By 1340, the steward of the abbess swore in the town's mayor.
Destruction
At the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries, a common saying quoted by Bishop Thomas Fuller[6] conjectured "if the abbess of Shaftesbury and the abbot of Glastonbury Abbey had been able to wed, their son would have been richer than the King of England" because of the lands which it had been bequeathed. It was too rich a prize for Thomas Cromwell to pass up on behalf of King Henry VIII. In 1539, the last abbess, Elizabeth Zouche, signed a deed of surrender, the abbey was demolished, and its lands sold, leading to a temporary decline in the town. Sir Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour purchased the abbey and much of the town in 1540, but when he was later exiled for treason his lands were forfeit, and the lands passed to the earl of Pembroke then to Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, and finally to the Grosvenors.
In 1539, St Edward's relics had been hidden so as to avoid desecration. In 1931, the relics were recovered by J.E. Wilson-Claridge during an archaeological excavation of the abbey; their identity was confirmed by Dr. T.E.A. Stowell, an osteologist. In 1970, examinations performed on the relics suggested that the young man had died in the same manner as Edward.[7] Wilson-Claridge donated the relics to the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, which placed them in St Edward the Martyr Orthodox Church near Brookwood Cemetery in Woking, Surrey.[7]
Thomas Hardy wrote of the Abbey ruins:
Vague imaginings of its castle, its three mints, its magnificent apsidal Abbey, the chief glory of south Wessex, its twelve churches, its shrines, chantries, hospitals, its gabled freestone mansions—all now ruthlessly swept away—throw the visitor, even against his will, into a pensive melancholy which the stimulating atmosphere and limitless landscape around him can scarcely dispel.[8]
List of Abbesses
- Elfgiva or Æthelgeofu or Algiva, first abbess about 888
- Ælfthrith, occurs 948
- Herleva, occurs 966, died 982
- Alfrida, occurs 1001 or 1009
- Leueua, occurs temp. Edward the Confessor
- Eulalia, appointed 1074
- Eustachia
- Cecilia, appointed 1107
- Emma, occurs temp. Henry I
- Mary, occurs 1189
- J., elected 1216
- Amicia Russell, elected 1223
- Agnes Lungespee, elected 1243
- Agnes de Ferrers, elected 1247
- Juliana de Bauceyn, died 1279
- Laurentia de Muscegros, elected 1279, died 1290
- Joan de Bridport, elected 1290, died 1291
- Mabel Gifford, elected 1291
- Alice de Lavyngton, elected 1302, died 1315
- Margaret Aucher, elected 1315, died 1329
- Dionisia le Blunde, elected 1329, died 1345
- Joan Duket, elected 1345, died 1350
- Margaret de Leukenore, elected 1350
- Joan Formage, elected 1362, died 1394
- Egelina de Counteville, appointed 1395
- Cecilia Fovent, occurs 1398, died 1423
- Margaret Stourton, elected 1423, died 1441. Sister of John Stourton (died 1438) of Preston Plucknett in Somerset, 7 times MP for Somerset, in 1419, 1420, December 1421, 1423, 1426, 1429 and 1435[9]
- Edith Bonham, elected 1441, died 1460
- Margaret St. John, elected 1460
- Alice Gibbes, died 1496
- Margaret Twyneo, elected 1496, died 1505
- Elizabeth Shelford, elected 1505, died 1528
- Elizabeth Zouche or Zuche, elected 1529, surrendered her abbey, 1539
Source : A History of the County of Dorset: Volume 2., originally published by Victoria County History, London, 1908.
Shaftesbury Abbey Museum
Shaftesbury Abbey Museum features stonework pieces excavated from the abbey's ruins, including Anglo-Saxon carvings and medieval floor tiles. Exhibits tell the story of the Benedictine convent and its inhabitants. The museum is open from April through October, and the site also features a medieval period garden and orchard.[10]
The Abbey site today
The site of Shaftesbury Abbey is now used to host many events including open air viewings of various films, drama workshops and performances, as well as some historical lectures. It is also the home of the music showcase that takes place during the town's "Gold Hill Fair", which takes place in early July and provides a platform for the best of local music.
The Abbey also recently showcased a Shakespeare themed talent show run by the local arts centre.
References
- ^ William Page & J. Horace Round, ed. (1907). 'Houses of Benedictine nuns: Abbey of Barking', A History of the County of Essex: Volume 2. pp. 115–122.
- ^ "The Abbey Church of St Mary and St Edward, King and Martyr: History". Shaftesbury Abbey Museum & Gardens. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
- ^ Williams, Ann (2004). "Edmund I (920/21–946), king of England". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8501. Retrieved February 2016.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) (subscription or UK public library membership required) - ^ Wormald, Patrick (2004). "Alfred [Ælfred] (848/9–899), king of the West Saxons and of the Anglo-Saxons". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/183. Retrieved 21 February 2016. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ "St Edward the Martyr". Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company. 1909. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
- ^ Frank R. Heath, The Little Guide to Dorset 1949:232
- ^ a b "St Edward the Martyr". Necropolis Notables. The Brookwood Cemetery Society. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Hardy, Jude the Obscure.
- ^ http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/stourton-john-i-1438
- ^ http://shaftesburyabbey.org.uk/garden.php Garden
External links
- Shaftesbury Abbey Museum - official site
- Benedictine monasteries in England
- Anglo-Saxon monastic houses
- Monasteries in Dorset
- Grade I listed buildings in Dorset
- 9th-century establishments in England
- 888 establishments in Europe
- 888 in England
- 1539 disestablishments in England
- Christian monasteries established in the 9th century
- Museums in Dorset
- Religious museums in England
- History museums in Dorset
- Shaftesbury