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Silicene

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Silicene is a two-dimensional allotrope of silicon, similar to graphene.

History

Although theorists had speculated[1][2][3] about the existence and possible properties of silicene, researchers first observed silicon structures that were suggestive of silicene in 2010.[4][5][6] Using the scanning tunneling microscope, they studied self-assembled silicene nanoribbons and silicene sheets deposited onto a silver crystal with atomic resolution. The images revealed hexagons in a honeycomb structure similar to that of graphene.

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that silicon atoms tend to form such honeycomb structures on silver, and adopt a slight curvature that makes the graphene-like configuration more likely.


In addition to its potential compatibility with existing semiconductor techniques, silicene has the advantage that their edges do not exhibit oxygen reactivity.[7]

Structure of a typical silicene cluster showing ripples across the surface.

Recent DFT calculations have revealed that silicene clusters are excellent materials for FET applications. Interestingly, 2D silicene is not really planar and there seems to be chair-like puckering distortions in the rings. This leads to ordered ripples on their surface. Hydrogenation of silicenes to silicanes is quite exothermic. This has led to the prediction that the process of conversion of silicene to silicane (hydrogenated silicene) can be a prospective candidate for hydrogen storage. Unlike graphite, which consists of weakly held stacks of graphene layers through dispersion forces, the interlayer coupling in silicenes are very strong.[8]

The first review on silicene has appeared.[9]

Recent progress

Silicene was reported to grow on Ag(111) surface.[6] Recently four groups have independently reported ordered phases on the same surface.[10][11][12][13]

Silicene has also been reported to grow on ZrB2 substrate.[14][15]

Other references: [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23]


References

  1. ^ Kyozaburo Takeda and Kenji Shiraishi (1994). "Theoretical possibility of stage corrugation in Si and Ge analogs of graphite". Physical Review B. 50 (20): 14916. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.50.14916.
  2. ^ G. G. Guzman-Verri and L. C. Lew Yan Voon (2007). "Electronic structure of silicon-based nanostructures". Physical Review B. 76 (7): 075131. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.76.075131.
  3. ^ Cahangirov, Topsakal, Akturk, Sahin and Ciraci (2009). "Two- and One-Dimensional Honeycomb Structures of Silicon and Germanium". Physical Review Letters. 102 (23): 236804. Bibcode:2009PhRvL.102w6804C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.236804.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ B. Aufray, A. Kara, S. Vizzini, H. Oughaddou, C. Léandri, B. Ealet and G. Le Lay (2010). "Graphene-like silicon nanoribbons on Ag(110): A possible formation of silicene". Applied Physics Letters. 96: 183102.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Research highlight (2010). "Silicene: Flatter silicon". Nature Nanotechnology. 5: 384. doi:10.1038/nnano.2010.124.
  6. ^ a b B. Lalmi, H. Oughaddou, H. Enriquez, A. Kara, S. Vizzini, B. Ealet and B. Aufray (2010). "Epitaxial growth of a silicene sheet". Applied Physics Letters. 97: 223109.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ P. De Padova, C. Léandri, S. Vizzini, C. Quaresima, P. Perfetti, B. Olivieri, H. Oughaddou, B. Aufray and G. Le Lay (2008). "Burning Match Oxidation Process of Silicon Nanowires Screened at the Atomic Scale". NanoLetters. 8: 2299.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Deepthi Jose, Ayan Datta (2011). "Structures and Electronic Properties of Silicene clusters: A promising material for FET and hydrogen storage". Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13: 7304.
  9. ^ Abdelkader Kara, Hanna Enriquez, Ari P Seitsonen, LC Lew Yan Voon, Sébastien Vizzini, Bernard Aufray, Hamid Oughaddou (2012). "A review on silicene - New candidate for electronics". Surf. Sci. Rep. 67: 1. doi:10.1016/j.surfrep.2011.10.001. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |author= at position 23 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Chun-Liang Lin, Ryuichi Arafune, Kazuaki Kawahara, Noriyuki Tsukahara, Emi Minamitani, Yousoo Kim, Noriaki Takagi and Maki Kawai (2012). ""Structure of silicene grown on Ag(111)"". Appl. Phys. Expr.: 045802.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Patrick Vogt, Paola De Padova, Claudio Quaresima, Jose Avila, Emmanouil Frantzeskakis, Maria Carmen Asensio, Andrea Resta, Benedicte Ealet and Guy Le Lay (2012). ""Silicene: Compelling experimental evidence for graphenelike two-dimensional silicon"". Phys. Rev. Lett.: 155501. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.155501.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ H Jamgoitcha, Y Colignon, N Hamzaoui, B Ealet, J Y Hoarau, B Aufray and J P Biberian (2012). "Growth of silicene layers on Ag(111): unexpected effect of the substrate temperature". arXiv: 1203.3968.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Baojie Feng, Zijing Ding, Sheng Meng, Yugui Yao, Xiaoyue He, Peng Cheng, Lan Chen and Kehui Wu. arXiv: 1203.2745. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ A. Fleurence, R. Friedlein, Y. Wang and Y. Yamada-Takamura. "Experimental evidence for silicene on ZrB2(0001)". Symposium on Surface and Nano Science 2011 (SSNS'11)，Shizukuishi, Japan，2011.01.21.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Antoine Fleurence, Rainer Friedlein, Taisuke Ozaki, Hiroyuki Kawai, Ying Wang and Yukiko Yamada-Takamura (2012). "Experimental evidence for epitaxial silicene on diboride thin films". Physical Review Letters: accepted for publication. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |author= at position 74 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ S. Lebegue; et al. (2009). "Electronic structures of two-dimensional crystals from ab initio theory". Physical Review B. 79: 115409. Bibcode:2009PhRvB..79k5409L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.79.115409. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  17. ^ M. De Crescenzi; et al. (2005). "Experimental imaging of silicon nanotubes". Applied Physics Letters. 86: 231901. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  18. ^ A. Kara, C. Léandri, M. E. Dávila, P. De Padova, B. Ealet, H. Oughaddou, B. Aufray and G. Le Lay (2009). "Physics of Silicene Stripes". J. Supercond. Novel Magn. 22: 259.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ A. Kara, S. Vizzini, C. Leandri, B. Ealet, H. Oughaddou , B. Aufray and G. LeLay (2010). "Silicon nano-ribbons on Ag(110): a computational investigation". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 22: 045004.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ P. De Padova, C. Quaresima, C. Ottaviani, P. M. Sheverdyaeva, P. Moras, C. Carbone, D. Topwal, B. Olivieri, A. Kara, H. Oughaddou, B. Aufray and G. Le Lay (2010). "Evidence of graphene-like electronic signature in silicene nanoribbons". Applied Physics Letters. 96 (26): 261905. doi:10.1063/1.3459143.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Houssa, M.; Pourtois, G.; Afanas’Ev, V. V.; Stesmans, A. (2010). "Can silicon behave like graphene? A first-principles study". Applied Physics Letters. 97 (11): 112106. doi:10.1063/1.3489937.
  22. ^ De Padova, Paola; Quaresima, Claudio; Olivieri, Bruno; Perfetti, Paolo; Le Lay, Guy (2011). "Strong resistance of silicene nanoribbons towards oxidation". Journal of Physics D - Applied Physics. 44 (31): 312001. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/44/31/312001.
  23. ^ De Padova, Paola; Quaresima, Claudio; Olivieri, Bruno; Perfetti, Paolo; Le Lay, Guy (2011). "sp2-like hybridisation of silicon valence orbitals in silicene nanoribbons". Applied Physics Letters. 98 (8): 081909. doi:10.1063/1.3557073.
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