Skeemella
| Skeemella Temporal range: Middle Cambrian
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| Holotype specimen | |
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| Life restoration | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Genus: | †Skeemella Briggs et al., 2005 |
| Species: | †S. clavula
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| Binomial name | |
| †Skeemella clavula Briggs et al., 2005
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Skeemella is a genus of elongate animals from what is now the Middle Cambrian Wheeler Shale and Marjum lagerstätte of Utah. It has been classified with the vetulicolians.
Description
[edit]The genus shows typical vetulicolian features, such as a body divided into two distinct parts: a wider torpedo-shaped front end and a segmented rear section interpreted as the muscular driver for an active swimming lifestyle. Vetulicolians were originally described as relatives of arthropods, but their classification is debated; the discovery of new genera with a row of front-section openings interpreted as gill slits has shifted their interpretation to stem deuterostomes related to tunicates, or perhaps even crown-group chordates.[1] Newer reconstructions of vetulicolians often resemble tunicate larvae or simple cephalochordates, with the front section as a pharynx used for breathing and ramjet style filter-feeding and the rear section as muscle blocks. However, Skeemella is an unlikely candidate for this interpretation; the rear section segments bear clear affinities to arthropods.[2] Either Skeemella is not a vetulicolian, researchers do not yet have enough data to correctly interpret Skeemella, or vetulicolians are not deuterosomes.
Skeemella was described in 2005 by a team led by Derek Briggs, an expert on Burgess Shale arthropods. It is diagnosed as having a body in two sections, covered in cuticle. The anterior section is short and wide, has a straight dorsal margin and a curving ventral margin, and is divided longitudinally in a way that makes it resemble a head shield. The anterior region is interpreted as being made of nine segments separated by thinner membranes (rather than as a single unit with multiple openings). Skeemella has a narrow, worm-shaped rear section with 43 segments in holotype specimen, identified as tergites separated by flexible membranes. The rear section terminates in what appears to be an arthropod telson, an elongate, unsegmented flattened structure that ends in two backward-pointing spines.[3]
In 2020, two more specimens of S. clavula were found in Drumian sediments of 'Middle' Marjum Formation, Ptychagnostus punctuosus Biozone. They less well preserved than the holotype but one of them apparently has the outer part of the cuticle preserved, whereas the holotype has the inner one. The Marjum specimen has individual posterior body segments that are shorter and wider than those of the holotype. This most likely illustrates individual rather than interspecies differences.[4]
Taxonomy
[edit]It is one of a number of unrelated "platypus problems", early lagerstätten fossils that have seemed to mix features of chordates and arthropods, two animal clades considered most distant from each other. This issue has been resolved in other cases by the discovery of more specimens that better reveal the anatomy of the animals.[5][4]
References
[edit]- ^ García-Bellido, Diego C; Lee, Michael S Y; Edgecombe, Gregory D; Jago, James B; Gehling, James G; Paterson, John R (2014-10-21). "A new vetulicolian from Australia and its bearing on the chordate affinities of an enigmatic Cambrian group". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 214. doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0214-z. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4203957. PMID 25273382.
- ^ ALDRIDGE, RICHARD J.; XIAN-GUANG, HOU; SIVETER, DAVID J.; SIVETER, DEREK J.; GABBOTT, SARAH E. (January 2007). "The Systematics and Phylogenetic Relationships of Vetulicolians". Palaeontology. 50 (1): 131–168. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00606.x. ISSN 0031-0239. S2CID 85722738.
- ^ Briggs, D. E. G.; Lieberman, B. S.; Halgedahl, S. L. & Jarrard, R. D. (2005). "A new metazoan from the Middle Cambrian of Utah and the nature of the Vetulicolia. Palaeontology, 48(4): 681-686" (PDF). Utah's Cambrian Life; Evolution and Biogeography of Burgess Shale-type Fossils, University of Kansas Natural History Museum. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
- ^ a b Kimmig, Julien; Leibach, Wade W.; Lieberman, Bruce S. (2020). "First occurrence of the problematic vetulicolian Skeemella clavula in the Cambrian Marjum Formation of Utah, USA". Carnets de Géologie. 2020: 215–221. doi:10.4267/2042/70836. hdl:1808/33460. ISSN 1634-0744.
- ^ "Nectocaris: mystery fossil was actually a 500-million-year-old squid relative - Not Exactly Rocket Science". Not Exactly Rocket Science. 2010-05-26. Retrieved 2018-10-27.
