Smile: Difference between revisions
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{{Other uses2|Smile}} |
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{{Original research|date=December 2012}} |
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[[File:Nepali Woman Smiles.jpg|thumb|220px|A [[Nepali people|Nepali]] Newar woman smiling]] |
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A '''smile''' is a [[facial expression]] formed by flexing the [[muscle]]s near both ends of the [[Human mouth|mouth]] and by flexing muscles throughout the mouth.<ref>{{cite book |last=Freitas-Magalhães |first=A. |last2=Castro |first2=E. |year=2009 |chapter=The Neuropsychophysogical Construction of the Human Smile |editor-first=A. |editor-last=Freitas-Magalhães |title=Emotional Expression: The Brain and The Face |pages=1–18 |location=Porto |publisher=University Fernando Pessoa Press |isbn=978-989-643-034-4 }}</ref> Some smiles include contraction of the muscles at the corner of the [[human eye|eyes]] (see '[[#Duchenne smiling|Duchenne Smiling]]' below). Among [[human]]s, it is an expression denoting [[pleasure]], [[socializing|sociability]], [[happiness]], or [[amusement]], but can also be an involuntary expression of [[anxiety]], in which case it is known as a [[wikt:Special:Search/grimace|grimace]]. Smiling is something that is understood by everyone despite culture, race, or religion; it is internationally known. Cross-cultural studies have shown that smiling is a means of communication throughout the world.<ref>{{cite book |first=Carroll E. |last=Izard |year=1971 |title=The Face of Emotion |location=New York |publisher=Appleton-Century-Croft |isbn=0-390-47831-8 }}</ref> But there are large differences between different cultures. A smile can also be spontaneous or [[wikt:artificial|artificial]]. |
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== Historical background == |
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Many{{who|date=December 2012}} biologists think the smile originated as a sign of fear. Primalogist Signe Preuschoft traces the smile back over 30 million years of evolution to a "fear grin" stemming from monkeys and apes who often used barely clenched teeth to portray to predators that they were harmless. The smile may have evolved differently among species and especially among humans. |
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Biology is not the only academic discipline that interprets the smile. Those who study [[kinesics]] view the smile as an [[affect display]]. It can communicate feelings such as: love, happiness, pride, contempt, and embarrassment. More info: [[Freitas-Magalhaes|The Psychology of Human Smile]], [[wikisource:The Smile|The Smile]] |
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[[File:A photo of an 8.5-week-old baby smiling.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Social smiling normally develops between 6 and 8 weeks of age.]] |
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== Social behavior == |
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{{tone|section|date=October 2012}} |
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“Service with a Smile”—This has always been at the core of American businesses since the beginning of the 1900s. Research continually proves that this is true; smiling really does increase attractiveness and likability between humans. In fact, smiling correlates with greater trust, greater financial earnings, and increased interpersonal cooperation.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Godoy |first=R. |last2=''et al.'' |title=Do smiles have a face value? Panel evidence from Amazonian Indians |journal=Journal of Economic Psychology |year=2005 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=469–490 |doi=10.1016/j.joep.2004.10.004 }}</ref> In a time of increased stress due to cutbacks, high debt, and increasing family issues, employees are often required to work with a distressed public. However, a smile tends to convey respect, patience, empathy, hospitality and compassion. For example, when an employee smiles at a stressed customer, and exhibits excellent listening skills, most of the time, there is a report of total satisfaction.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hunter |first=J. |title=A study of consumer perception of smiling customer service within the airline industry |journal=Journal of Transportation Security |year=2011 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=35–36 |doi=10.1007/s12198-010-0057-9 }}</ref> Research also reports that people receive more help when they smile. Even the smile of a stranger produces more “[[Good Samaritan]]” effects on the receiver.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Guéguen |first=N. |first2=Marie‐Agnès |last2=De Gaila |title=The effect of smiling on helping behavior: Smiling and good Samaritan behavior |journal=Communication Reports |year=2003 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=133–140 |doi=10.1080/08934210309384496 }}</ref> When you smile, even memory retrieval of your name is enhanced as is shown in neuroscience research.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tsukiura |first=T. |last2=Cabeza |first2=R. |title=Orbifrontal and hippocampal contributions to memory for face-name associations: The rewarding power of a smile |journal=Neuropsychologia |year=2008 |volume=46 |issue=9 |pages=2310–2319 |doi=10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.03.013 }}</ref> |
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[[File:Bangladeshi woman.jpg|thumb|150px|A [[Bangladesh]]i woman smiling]] |
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=== Laughter === |
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In social contexts, smiling is related to [[laughter]]. In this situation, two kinds of smiling are analyzed: |
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* Smiling is not a pre-laughing device and is a common pattern for paving the way to laughter; |
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* Smiling can be used as a response to laughter in the previous turn.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haakana |first=M. |title=Laughter and smiling: Notes on co-occurrences |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |year=2010 |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1499–1512 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2010.01.010 }}</ref> Smiling and laughter have different functions in the order of sequence in social situations. |
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=== Sex appeal === |
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Smiling is signaling THAT YOU HAVE A MASSIVE BONNER system that evolved from a need to communicate information of many different forms. One of these is advertisement of sexual interest. Female smiles are appealing to males, increasing physical attractiveness and enhancing [[sex appeal]]. However, recent research indicates a man's smile may or may not be most effective in attracting women, and that facial expressions such as pride or even shame might be more effective.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Jessica L. |last=Tracy |first2=Alec T. |last2=Beall |title=Happy Guys Finish Last: The Impact of Emotion Expressions on Sexual Attraction |journal=[[Emotion (journal)|Emotion]] |volume=11 |issue=6 |year=2011 |pages=1379–1387 |url=http://www.publicaffairs.ubc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Happy-Guys...in-pres-Emotion.pdf |doi=10.1037/a0022902 }}</ref> |
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== Cultural differences == |
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While smiling is perceived as a positive emotion most of the time, there are many cultures that perceive smiling as a negative expression and consider it unwelcoming. Too much smiling can be viewed as a sign of shallowness or [[dishonesty]].<ref>[http://www.andrews.edu/~tidwell/bsad560/NonVerbal.html Non Verbal Communication<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Japanese people may smile when they are confused or angry. In other parts of Asia, people may smile when they are embarrassed. Some people may smile at others to indicate a friendly greeting. A smile may be reserved for close friends and family members. Many people in the [[former Soviet Union]] area consider smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even suspicious behavior. Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places (although this is less common in big cities). Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places; some Americans believe that Russians don't smile enough. In Southeast [[Asia|Asian]] cultures, a smile is frequently used to cover [[emotional pain]] or [[embarrassment]].<ref>[http://www.rpi.edu/dept/advising/american_culture/social_skills/nonverbal_communication/reading_exercise.htm Nonverbal Communication<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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== Dimples == |
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[[File:VirgilGriffithFace.jpg|thumb|175px|left|A man smiling, with dimples]] |
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[[Dimple|Cheek dimples]] are visible indentations of the [[epidermis (skin)|epidermis]], caused by underlying flesh, which form on some people's cheeks, especially when they smile. Dimples are genetically inherited and are a dominant trait. A rarer form is the single dimple, which occurs on one side of the face only. Anatomically, dimples may be caused by variations in the structure of the facial muscle known as [[zygomaticus major muscle|zygomaticus major]]. Specifically, the presence of a double or bifid zygomaticus major muscle may explain the formation of cheek dimples.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pessa |first=Joel E. |last2=''et al.'' |title=Double or bifid zygomaticus major muscle: Anatomy, incidence, and clinical correlation |year=1998 |journal=Clinical Anatomy |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=310–313 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-2353(1998)11:5<310::AID-CA3>3.0.CO;2-T |pmid=9725574}}</ref> This bifid variation of the muscle originates as a single structure from the [[zygomatic bone]]. As it travels anteriorly, it then divides with a superior bundle that inserts in the typical position above the corner of the mouth. An inferior bundle inserts below the corner of the mouth. |
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== Real and fake smiles == |
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A smile does indeed have great power and great social rewards. However, it has been proven that an authentic smile{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}} is much more effective than a counterfeit smile. A smile is an outward sign of perceived self-confidence and internal satisfaction. It seems to have a favorable influence upon others and makes one likeable and more approachable.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gladstone |first=G. |title=When you’re smiling, does the whole world world smile for you? |journal=Australasian Psychiatry |year=2002 |volume=10 |issue= |pages=144–146 }}</ref> |
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=== Duchenne smiling === |
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[[File:Smiling girl.jpg|right|thumb|185px|A Duchenne smile engages the muscles around the mouth and eyes.]] |
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Although many different types of smiles have been identified and studied, researchers (e.g. [[Freitas-Magalhães]]) have devoted particular attention to an anatomical distinction first recognized by French physician [[Duchenne de Boulogne|Guillaume Duchenne]]. While conducting research on the [[physiology]] of facial expressions in the mid-19th century, Duchenne identified two distinct types of smiles. A Duchenne smile involves contraction of both the [[zygomaticus major muscle|zygomatic major muscle]] (which raises the corners of the mouth) and the [[orbicularis oculi muscle]] (which raises the cheeks and forms [[wrinkle (skin)|crow's feet]] around the eyes). A non-Duchenne smile involves only the zygomatic major muscle.<ref>Duchenne, Guillaume (1990). ''The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression''. New York: Cambridge University Press. Translated by R. Andrew Cuthbertson. Originally published as ''Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine'' in 1862.</ref> “Research with adults initially indicated that joy was indexed by generic smiling, any smiling involving the raising of the lip corners by the zygomatic major…. More recent research suggests that smiling in which the muscle around the eye contracts, raising the cheeks high (Duchenne smiling), is uniquely associated with positive emotion.”<ref>{{cite journal |last=Messinger |first=D. S. |last2=Fogel |first2=A. |last3=Dickson |first3=K. |year=2001 |title=All smiles are positive, but some smiles are more positive than others |journal=[[Developmental Psychology (journal)|Developmental Psychology]] |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=642–653 |doi=10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.642 }}</ref> |
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=== Pan-Am smile === |
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The Pan-Am smile, also known as the "Botox smile", is the name given to a "fake smile", in which only the [[zygomatic major muscle]] is voluntarily contracted to show politeness. It is named after the airline [[Pan American World Airways]], whose flight attendants would always flash every jet-setter the same perfunctory smile.<ref name="panam">{{cite news|last=Harlow|first=John|title=The smile that says where you’re from|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article516707.ece|accessdate=18 January 2011|newspaper=The Sunday Times|date=February 20, 2005 }}</ref> |
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=== Hidden emotions within smiling === |
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Happiness is most often the motivating cause of a smile. However, there are many exceptions, especially among [[animal]]s. The exposure of [[teeth]], which may bear a resemblance to a smile, is often used as a [[threat display|threat or warning display]]—known as a [[snarl]]—or a sign of [[submission]]. For [[chimpanzees]], it can also be a sign of [[fear]]. The study of smiles is a part of [[gelotology]], [[psychology]], and [[linguistics]], comprising various theories of [[affect (psychology)|affect]], [[humor]], and [[laughter]].<ref name=Freitas>{{cite book |last=Freitas-Magalhães |first=A. |year=2006 |title=The Psychology of Human Smile |location=Oporto |publisher=University Fernando Pessoa Press }}</ref> Smiling can also be interpreted as nervousness in an animal—humans also smile as a result of nervousness, embarrassment and even frustration.<ref>Hoque, M.E., Picard, R.W., "Acted vs. natural frustration and delight: Many people smile in natural frustration," 9th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG'11), Santa Barbara, CA, USA, March 21-25, 2011.</ref> In one study, created to investigate the correspondence between perceived meanings of smiles and their morphological and dynamic characteristics, it was found that “perceived embarrassed/nervous smiles had greater amplitude, longer duration…related to those perceived as polite.”<ref>Hoque, M. E., Morency, L-P, Picard, R.W. "Are you friendly or just polite? - Analysis of smiles in spontaneous face-to-face interactions," In Proceedings of the Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, Memphis, October 9-12, 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ambadar |first=Zara |first2=Jeffrey |last2=Cohn |first3=Lawrence |last3=Reed |title=All Smiles are Not Created Equal: Morphology and Timing of Smiles Perceived as Amused, Polite, and Embarrassed/Nervous |journal=Journal of Nonverbal Behavior |volume=33 |issue=1 |year=2009 |pages=17–34 |doi=10.1007/s10919-008-0059-5 }}</ref> Work by [[John Gottman]] has shown that smiling and other such expressions of positive emotions are important to shaping relationships with others; researchers could predict the quality of marriages many years into the future based on the number of such interactions (see also [[agreeableness]]).<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=353438 |first=John M. |last=Gottman |first2=James |last2=Coan |first3=Sybil |last3=Carrere |first4=Catherine |last4=Swanson |title=Predicting Marital Happiness and Stability from Newlywed Interactions |year=1998 |journal=Journal of Marriage and the Family |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=5–22 |doi= }}</ref> |
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== Non-human animals == |
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[[Barbary macaque]]s demonstrate an open mouth display as a sign of playfulness which likely has similar roots and purposes as the human smile.<ref name="smile"> Preuschoft, Signe. "“Laughter” and “Smile” in Barbary Macaques (Macaca Sylvanus)." Ethology 91.3 (1992): 220-36. Print. </ref> |
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== Gallery == |
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<gallery> |
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File:2005 03 01 rice blair 600.jpg| Politicians and leaders are often shown smiling as this is considered a sign of hospitality and confidence. President [[Harry S Truman]] was the first US President to smile in his Presidential portrait. From President [[Richard Nixon]] on, U.S. Presidents began smiling in their official portrait photos. |
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File:Happy face ball.jpg| Artwork on this ball is a common abstract representation of a smiling face. |
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File:Keja Dengizî.jpg|Smiling [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] girl |
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File:Gandhi smiling R.jpg|[[Mahatma Gandhi]] smiling |
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File:Dalai Lama 1430 Luca Galuzzi 2007crop.jpg|[[Dalai Lama]] smiling |
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</gallery> |
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== See also == |
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{{Commons category}} |
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*[[Emoticon]] |
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*[[Emotion]] |
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*[[Facial Action Coding System]] |
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*[[Facial expression]] |
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*[[Frown]] |
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*[[Laughter]] |
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*[[Smiley]] |
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*[[Smilorexia]] |
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*[[Social Psychology]] |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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== Further reading == |
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* {{cite journal | last1 = Conniff | first1 = R. | year = 2007 | title = What's behind a smile? | url = | journal = Smithsonian Magazine | volume = 38 | issue = | pages = 46–53 }} |
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* Miller, Professor George A., ''et. al''. Overview for "smile." Retrieved 12 December 2003 from [http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn?stage=1&word=smile this] page. |
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* Ottenheimer, H.J. (2006). ''The anthropology of language: An introduction to linguistic anthropology.'' Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworh. |
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=== Duchenne smile === |
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* Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2006). The Psychology of human smile. Oporto: University Fernando Pessoa Press. |
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* Ekman, P., Davidson, R.J., & Friesen, W.V. (1990). The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain psysiology II. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58'', 342-353. Cited in: Russell and Fernandez-Dols, eds. (1997). |
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* Russell and Fernandez-Dols, eds. (1997). ''The Psychology of Facial Expression''. Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-58796-4. |
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== External links == |
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* [http://feelab.ufp.pt/index.swf Facial Emotion Expression Lab] |
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* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/surveys/smiles/ Spot The Fake Smile on BBC Science & Nature] |
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* [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20010212/ai_n13897093 Expressions of Positive Emotion in Women's College Yearbook Pictures and Their Relationship to Personality and Life Outcomes Across Adulthood.] |
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* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3105580.stm BBC News: Scanner shows unborn babies smile] |
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[[Category:Facial expressions]] |
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[[Category:Laughter]] |
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[[Category:Mouth]] |
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[[ar:ابتسامة]] |
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[[bn:হাসি]] |
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[[ca:Somriure]] |
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[[cs:Úsměv]] |
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[[sn:Nyemwerera]] |
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[[de:Lächeln]] |
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[[es:Sonrisa]] |
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[[fa:لبخند]] |
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[[fr:Sourire]] |
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[[ko:미소]] |
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[[id:Senyum]] |
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[[it:Sorriso]] |
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[[he:חיוך]] |
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[[jv:Mèsem]] |
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[[ka:ღიმილი]] |
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[[ml:പുഞ്ചിരി]] |
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[[mzn:ریک]] |
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[[ms:Senyum]] |
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[[ja:微笑み]] |
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[[no:Smil]] |
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[[nn:Smil]] |
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[[pl:Uśmiech]] |
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[[ro:Zâmbet]] |
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[[qu:Asikuy]] |
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[[rue:Усмішка]] |
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[[ru:Улыбка]] |
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[[simple:Smile]] |
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[[fi:Hymy]] |
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[[sv:Leende]] |
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[[ta:சிரிப்பு]] |
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[[te:నవ్వు]] |
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[[tg:Лабханд]] |
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[[tr:Tebessüm]] |
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[[uk:Усмішка]] |
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[[vi:Sorriso]] |
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[[yi:שמייכל]] |
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[[zh:微笑]] |
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