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A '''smiley''' or '''smiley-face''' emoticon (sometimes simply called a '''happy''' or '''smiling face''') is typically depicted as '''<code>:-)</code>''', '''<code>:)</code>''', or '''<code>(:</code>'''. The smiley is a stylized representation of a [[Smile|smiling]] humanoid face, an important part of [[popular culture]]. The classic form designed in 1963 comprises a yellow circle with two black dots representing eyes and looks like AKINFENWA; internet versions typically employ a [[Colon_(punctuation)|colon]] and a right [[parenthesis]]. "Smiley" is also sometimes used as a generic term for any [[emoticon]]. |
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The variant spelling "[[wiktionary:smilie|smilie]]" is not as common,<ref>[[Google Ngram Viewer]]: [http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=smiley%2Csmilie&year_start=1900&year_end=2011 smilie vs smiley]</ref> but the plural form "smilies" is commonly used.<ref>[[Google Ngram Viewer]]: [http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=smileys%2Csmilies&year_start=1900&year_end=2008 smilies vs smileys]</ref> |
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==Popularization== |
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[[File:NYHT Smiley 10th March 1953.jpg|thumb|left|A poster for ''[[Lili]]'' in 1953.]] |
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[[Ingmar Bergman]]'s 1948 film ''[[Port of Call]]'' includes a scene where the unhappy Berit draws a ''sad'' face {{ndash}} closely resembling the modern "frowny", but including a dot for the nose {{ndash}} in lipstick on her mirror, before being interrupted.<ref>''Ingmarbergman.se''. [http://ingmarbergman.se/sites/default/files/hamnstad_1948-26_005_huvudbild_webb.jpg A still from the scene].</ref> In 1953 and 1958, similar happy faces were used in promotional campaigns for the films ''[[Lili]]'' and ''[[Gigi (1958 film)|Gigi]]''. |
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[[File:WMCA good guys sweatshirt 1962.gif|thumb|The [[WMCA]] 1962 sweatshirt.]] |
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The smiley was first introduced to popular culture as part of a promotion by New York radio station [[WMCA]] beginning in 1962. Listeners who answered their phone "WMCA Good Guys!" were rewarded with a "WMCA good guys" sweatshirt that incorporated a happy face into its design. Thousands of these sweatshirts were given away.<ref>{{citation |title= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/9059885/Smileys-People-Radio-4-The-million-dollar-smile.html |title= Smiley's People (Radio 4): The million dollar smile |author= Alastair Sooke |date= February 3, 2012 |work= The Telegraph |quote= [Loufrani] points out that a smiley face was a key feature of a well-known promotional campaign for a radio network on America’s East Coast in the late Fifties. }}</ref><ref name=nyt2001 /><ref name=lennox /> The WMCA smiley was yellow with black dots as eyes, but it had a slightly crooked smile instead of a full smile, and no creases in the mouth.<ref name=lennox>{{citation |title= Now You Know More: The Book of Answers |series= Now You Know |volume= 2 |author= Doug Lennox , illustrated by Catriona Wight |edition= illustrated |publisher= Dundurn |year= 2004 |isbn= 9781550025309 |page= 50 |url= http://books.google.es/books?id=P4gCzZsOY0UC&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=smiley+wmca&source=bl&ots=bQzVepXuqN&sig=BOcZ7SGOWHMENa5Yyuirjn6S_mg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rbgaUJGHLNO00QWl_oGgDQ&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=smiley%20wmca&f=false }}</ref> |
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In 1963, [[Harvey Ball]], an American commercial artist, was employed by State Mutual Life Assurance Company of [[Worcester, Massachusetts]] (now known as [[Hanover Insurance]]) to create a happy face to raise the morale of the employees. Ball created the design in ten minutes and was paid $45 (equivalent to $330 USD in 2012 currency). His rendition, with bright yellow background, dark oval eyes, full smile and creases at the sides of the mouth,<ref name=lennox/> was imprinted on more than fifty million buttons and was familiar around the world. The design is so simple that it is certain that similar versions were produced before 1963, including those cited above. However, Ball’s rendition, as described here, has become the most iconic version.<ref name=nyt2001>{{cite news |first=William H. |last=Honan |title=H. R. Ball, 79, Ad Executive Credited With happy Face |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/14/us/h-r-ball-79-ad-executive-credited-with-smiley-face.html |publisher=The New York Times|date=April 14, 2001 |accessdate=August 29, 2009}}</ref><ref name="Adams">{{cite web |first=Cecil|last=Adams |work=The Straight Dope |title=Who invented the smiley face? |date=23 April 1993 |accessdate= 18 April 2011 |url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/961/who-invented-the-smiley-face}}</ref> In 1967, Seattle graphic artist, George Tenagi, drew his own version at the request of advertising agent, David Stern. Tenagi's design was used in an advertising campaign for Seattle-based University Federal Savings & Loan. The ad campaign was inspired by Charles Strouse' lyrics in ''Put on a Happy Face'' from the musical ''Bye Bye Birdie''. Stern, the man behind this campaign, incorporated the Happy Face in his run for Seattle Mayor in 1993.<ref name="Adams"/> |
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The graphic was further popularized in the early 1970s by Philadelphia brothers Bernard and Murray Spain, who seized upon it in September 1970 in a campaign to sell novelty items. The two produced buttons as well as [[coffee]] mugs, [[t-shirts]], [[bumper stickers]] and many other items emblazoned with the symbol and the phrase "Have a happy day" (devised by Gyula Bogar),<ref>http://lameadventures.com/tag/web/</ref> which mutated into "[[have a nice day]]". Working with New York button manufacturer NG Slater, some 50 million happy face badges were produced by 1972.<ref name="Peter Shapiro 2001, pp44-49">Peter Shapiro, Smiling Faces Sometimes, in The Wire, issue 203, January 2001, pp44-49.</ref> |
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[[File:Smiley face sign.jpg|thumb|A sign in [[Yerevan]], [[Armenia]]. The text reads: Բարի օր (''Bari or''), "Have a nice day".]] |
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In the UK, the happy face has been associated with [[psychedelic]] culture since [[Ubi Dwyer]] and the [[Windsor Free Festival]] in the 1970s and the [[dance music]] culture that emerged during the [[second summer of love]] in the late 1980s. The association was cemented when the band [[Bomb The Bass]] used an extracted smiley from ''[[Watchmen]]'' on the centre of its ''[[Beat Dis]]'' hit single. |
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== Usage in telecommunications == |
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The smiley is the printable version of characters 1 and 2 of (black-and-white versions of) [[codepage 437]] (1981) of the first [[IBM PC]] and all subsequent PC compatible computers. For modern computers, all versions of [[Microsoft Windows]] after [[Windows 95]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://wgl.typ.pl/help/enintro.htm#fonts.multi.wgl4 |title= WGL Assistant v1.1: The Multilingual Font Manager |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080324205903/http://wgl.typ.pl/help/enintro.htm |archivedate= 24 March 2008 |postscript= <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref> can use the smiley as part of [[Windows Glyph List 4]], although some [[computer font]]s miss some characters, and some characters cannot be reproduced by programs not compatible with [[Unicode]].<ref>[http://www.microsoft.com/typography/links/News.aspx?NID=901 Announcing WGL Assistant. Announcement: WGL Assistant V1.1 Beta available], comp.fonts, 27 July 1999, Microsoft Typography – News archive</ref> It also appears in Unicode's [[Basic Multilingual Plane]].<ref>[[:wikibooks:Unicode/Character reference/2000-2FFF]]</ref> |
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{| |
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| colspan="3"| Unicode smiley characters : |
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| style="text-align:center;font-size:200%;"|☺||U+263A or alt(+)1||White Smiling Face |
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| style="text-align:center;font-size:200%;"|☻||U+263B or alt(+)2||Black Smiling Face |
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| colspan="3"|Unicode also contains the "sad" face: |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center;font-size:200%;"|☹||U+2639||White Frowning Face |
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|} |
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On September 19, 1982, [[Scott Fahlman]] from [[Carnegie Mellon University]] first proposed using '''<code>:-)</code>''' to mark jokes from serious posts in online message boards.<ref>[http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~sef/Orig-Smiley.htm Fahlman's original message] Retrieved October 27, 2013.</ref> |
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== Licensing and legal issues == |
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{{Disputed section|date=June 2013}} |
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The rights to the Smiley trademark in one hundred countries are owned by the Smiley company.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/05/business/worldbusiness/05smiley.html?pagewanted=all</ref> Its subsidiary SmileyWorld Ltd, in London, headed by Nicolas Loufrani <ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Loufrani |title=Nicolas Loufrani - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |publisher=En.wikipedia.org |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref> creates or approves all the Smiley products sold throughout the world. {{Citation needed|reason=this doesn't seem very likely|date=August 2013}} The Smiley brand and logo have significant exposure through licensees in sectors like clothing, home decoration, perfumery, plush, stationery, publishing, and through promotional campaigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.licensing.biz/company-profiles/24/Smiley-Licensing |title=Smiley Licensing | Company Profile by |publisher=Licensing.biz |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=August 2013}} The Smiley Company is one of the 100 biggest licensing companies in the world, with a turnover of US$167 million in 2012.<ref>http://www.rankingthebrands.com/PDF/Top%20125%20Global%20Licensors%202011,%20License%20Global.pdf</ref> The first Smiley shop opened in London in the Boxpark shopping centre in December 2011.<ref>{{cite web|author=Giedrius Ivanauskas |url=http://madeinshoreditch.co.uk/2012/01/16/boxpark-shoreditch-interview-with-nicolas-loufrani-ceo-of-smiley/ |title=Boxpark Shoreditch: Interview with Nicolas Loufrani CEO of Smiley | Made in Shoreditch - A Magazine About Style, Innovation, Dining, Nightlife and People in Shoreditch |publisher=Made in Shoreditch |date=2012-01-16 |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref> |
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In 1997, Franklin Loufrani and Smiley World attempted to acquire trademark rights to the symbol (and even to the word "smiley" itself) in the United States. This brought Loufrani into conflict with [[Wal-Mart]], which had begun prominently featuring a happy face in its "Rolling Back Prices" campaign over a year earlier. Wal-Mart responded first by trying to block Loufrani's application, then later by trying to register the smiley face itself; Loufrani in turn sued to stop Wal-Mart's application, and in 2002 the issue went to court,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4984138.stm| date=8 May 2006| title=Wal-Mart seeks smiley face rights| publisher=BBC News| accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref> where it would languish for seven years before a decision. |
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Wal-Mart began phasing out the smiley face on its vests<ref name = "phase">{{cite journal |
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| first =Mark |
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| last = Kabel |
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| date =October 22, 2006 |
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| title =Wal-Mart phasing out smiley face vests |
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| journal = Associated Press |
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}}</ref> and its website<ref>{{cite journal |
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| first =Richard |
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| last =Williamson |
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| year =2006 |
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| month = October 30 |
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| title = The last days of Wal-Mart's smiley face |
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| journal = Adweek |
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| url = http://adweek.blogs.com/adfreak/2006/10/the_last_days_o.html |
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}}</ref> in 2006. Despite that, Wal-Mart sued an online parodist for alleged "trademark infringement" after he used the symbol (as well as various [[portmanteau]]s of "Wal-", such as "Walocaust"); and they lost that case in March 2008, when the judge declared that the smiley face was not a "distinctive" mark under US law, and therefore could not be trademarked by anyone in the United States.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.citizen.org/litigation/forms/cases/getlinkforcase.cfm?cID=206| date=28 March 2008| title=Smith v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.| publisher=Citizen Vox}} The relevant text is in the summary judgement: Timothy C. Batten, Sr., "Opinion and Order Granting Summary Judgment (03/21/2008)", section "B. Threshold Issue: Trademark Ownership", case "1:06-cv-00526-TCB", document 103, pages 15-19</ref> |
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In June 2010, Wal-Mart and the [[Nicolas Loufrani|Smiley company]] founded by Loufrani settled their 10-year old dispute in front of the Chicago federal court. The terms remain confidential.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-01/sony-astellas-intel-apple-wal-mart-intellectual-property.html Sony, Astellas, Intel, Apple, Wal-Mart, Warner: Intellectual Property] Victoria Slind-Flor, Jul 1, 2011, Bloomberg. The case is Loufrani v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc., 1:09-cv- 03062, U.S. District Court, Northern District of Illinois (Chicago).</ref> |
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== See also == |
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{{commons and category}} |
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* [[Acid2]] |
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* [[Emoticon]] |
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* [[Galle (Martian crater)]] |
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* [[Kolobok]] |
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* [[Pac-Man]] |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
{{Reflist|2}} |
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