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Split-finger fastball

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A split-finger fastball or splitter is a pitch in baseball derived from the forkball. It is named after the technique of putting the index and middle finger on different sides of the ball, or "splitting" them. When thrown hard, it appears to be a fastball to the batter, but appears to the batter and observers to suddenly "drop off the table" towards home plate—that is, it appears to suddenly move downwards, towards the batter's knees.[1] Despite the use of the word fastball, it is used as an off-speed pitch.

History

The splitter grew out of a much older pitch known as the forkball which was used in the major leagues since the 1920s.[2] The modern splitter is often credited to baseball coach Fred Martin who threw the pitch in the minor leagues as a changeup of sorts. When a young Bruce Sutter returned from surgery to find his fastball had lost velocity, Martin taught Sutter the pitch.[3] Sutter's success as a closer helped popularize the pitch.

Another early proponent of the splitter was Roger Craig, a pitcher-turned-manager in the 1980s. He taught it to a number of pitchers on the teams he coached, the Detroit Tigers and San Francisco Giants.[2] According to Mike Scioscia, the splitter was "the pitch of the '80s."[1]

The splitter eventually lost popularity after concerns arose that extensive use of the pitch could rob pitchers of fastball speed.[4] Several major league teams actively discourage pitching prospects from throwing or learning the pitch.[1] In 2011, only 15 starting pitchers used it as part of their regular repertoire.[5]

Purpose and technique

The split-finger grip is similar to the forkball grip, but the forkball is pushed further back between the fingers and is usually thrown with a wrist flip that makes it slower than the splitter. The split-finger is often recommended as an alternative to breaking pitches to young players because of its simplicity and the significantly reduced risk of injury.

As it is an off-speed pitch, the splitter is generally thrown slower than a pitcher's fastball. According to PITCHf/x, the average four-seam fastball from a right-handed pitcher in 2010 was 92 mph, while the average splitter was 85 mph and the average changeup 83 mph.[6]

The motion of a split-finger pitch is similar to the outlawed spitball and at one time the pitch was known as the "dry spitter." When thrown, the pitcher must emphasize the downward pull of the pitch at the end of his motion. Thrusting the hand and forearm downward is what causes the reduced backspin relative to a fastball, and thus the appearance of "drop off the table" movement from the pitch. The split-finger fastball is a very effective pitch with runners on base. A common tactic is using the split-finger to cause the batter to hit into a double play. When thrown correctly, the split-finger's apparent last second drop causes many batters to hit the top half of the baseball therefore inducing a ground ball.

Notable pitchers

The splitter is thrown today by many pitchers, including Tim Lincecum, Hisashi Iwakuma, Ryan Dempster, Koji Uehara, Matt Shoemaker, Carl Pavano, Jeff Samardzija, Dan Haren, Rich Harden, José Valverde, Jonathan Papelbon, Hiroki Kuroda, Alex Cobb, Jean Machi, Ubaldo Jimenez, Nathan Eovaldi, Mike Pelfrey, Masahiro Tanaka, Alfredo Simon, Matt Capps, and Jake Odorizzi.

David Cone was famous for his splitter, used most often in the middle and later part of his career. A major strikeout pitch for him, Cone would throw it hard like a fastball to get swinging strikes. He also was very effective in throwing it slower, using it as a changeup to throw off hitters' timing. Jack Morris learned the pitch from Roger Craig in 1980, and it became an effective "out" pitch for the Tigers' hurler. Mike Scott also learned the pitch from Roger Craig after the 1984 season, and it turned his career around. He won the 1986 NL Cy Young award and posted a league leading 306 strikeouts. Randy Johnson developed a splitter later in his career after losing some of his extremely high fastball velocity.

Roger Clemens developed a splitter later in his career as well using it frequently as a strikeout pitch.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Split-Finger Fastball, Once Popular, Is Falling Away". New York Times. Associated Press. October 1, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
  2. ^ a b James, Bill; Neyer, Rob (June 15, 2004). "The Forkball Fast and Slow". The Neyer/James Guide to Pitchers: An Historical Compendium of Pitching, Pitchers, and Pitches. Simon and Schuster. pp. 45–51. ISBN 9780743261586. Retrieved July 2, 2012.
  3. ^ Fimrite, Ron (September 17, 1979). "When This Pitch In Time Saves Nine". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved July 2, 2012.
  4. ^ Christensen, Joe (July 22, 2011). "Curve now takes a back seat to other breaking pitches". Star Tribune. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
  5. ^ "Leaderboards". Baseball Prospectus. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
  6. ^ "League Average PITCHf/x Data – TexasLeaguers.com". Texas Leaguers. Retrieved July 2, 2012.
  7. ^ Candiotti, Tom (June 14, 2002). "Fastball, splitter key to Clemens' success". Retrieved July 2, 2012.
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