Stagnation point

Photo showing stagnation point and attached vortex at an un-faired wing-root to fuselage junction on a Schempp-Hirth Janus C glider.

In fluid dynamics, a stagnation point is a point in a flow field where the local velocity of the fluid is zero. Stagnation points exist at the surface of objects in the flow field, where the fluid is brought to rest by the object. The Bernoulli equation shows that the static pressure is highest when the velocity is zero and hence static pressure is at its maximum value at stagnation points. This static pressure is called the stagnation pressure.

The Bernoulli equation applicable to incompressible flow shows that the stagnation pressure is equal to the dynamic pressure plus static pressure. Total pressure is also equal to dynamic pressure plus static pressure so, in incompressible flows, stagnation pressure is equal to total pressure. (In compressible flows, stagnation pressure is also equal to total pressure providing the fluid entering the stagnation point is brought to rest isentropically.)

Pressure coefficient

This information can be used to show that the pressure coefficient $C_{p}$ at a stagnation point is unity (positive one):

$C_{p}={p-p_{\infty } \over q_{\infty }}$

where:

$C_{p}$ is pressure coefficient

$p$ is static pressure at the point at which pressure coefficient is being evaluated

$p_{\infty }$ is static pressure at points remote from the body (freestream static pressure)

$q_{\infty }$ is dynamic pressure at points remote from the body (freestream dynamic pressure)

Stagnation pressure minus freestream static pressure is equal to freestream dynamic pressure; therefore the pressure coefficient $C_{p}$ at stagnation points is +1.

Kutta condition

On a streamlined body fully immersed in a potential flow, there are two stagnation points—one near the leading edge and one near the trailing edge. On a body with a sharp point such as the trailing edge of a wing, the Kutta condition specifies that a stagnation point is located at that point. The streamline at a stagnation point is perpendicular to the surface of the body.