View source for Statue of John Harvard

{{Short description|Statue at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.}}
{{Infobox artwork
| image_file = John Harvard statue.jpg
| image_size         = 265px
| title              = ''John Harvard''
| italic title = no
| alt                = A bronze sculpture, on a tall granite plinth, of a man sitting in a chair with an open book in his lap. The statue as a whole is darkly weathered, but the toe of the figure's left shoe is shiny as if from frequent rubbing.
| type               = [[bronze sculpture|Bronze]] 
| artist             = {{plainlist|
*[[Daniel Chester French]] {{small|(sculptor)}}
*{{hanging indent|text=Henry-Bonnard Bronze Company {{small|(foundry)}} }}
}}
| year               = {{End date|1884}}
| height_metric          =     | width_metric           =
| height_imperial        =     | width_imperial         = 
| imperial_unit = ft           | metric_unit = m
| dimensions = {{plainlist|
*{{nowrap|Figure: 71 by 38.6 by 65 in}}<br />{{nowrap|(180 by 98 by 165 cm)}}
*{{nowrap|Plinth: 61 by 72 by 12 in}}<br />{{nowrap|(155 by 183 by 30 cm)}}{{r|smithsonian}}
}}
| city               = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], US
| museum             = [[Harvard Yard]]
| coordinates=
| caption = "He{{nbsp}}... <!--rests his hand on the open tome between his knees, and -->gazes for a moment into the future, so dim, so uncertain, yet so full of promise, promise which has been more than realized", said [[George Edward Ellis|George Ellis]] {{nowrap|at the dedication.{{hsp}}{{NoteTag|name=gazes}}}}
}}

'''''John Harvard''''' is an 1884 [[bronze sculpture|sculpture in bronze]] by [[Daniel Chester French]] at [[Harvard University]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. It honors clergyman [[John Harvard (clergyman)|John Harvard]] (1607–1638), whose substantial deathbed{{r|HMagJanFeb2000}}
bequest to the
<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->{{Sic|hide=y|"schoale or Colledge"}}<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->
recently undertaken by the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony|Massachu{{shy}}setts Bay Colony]] was so gratefully received that the Colony resolved
{{Sic|hide=y|"that the
<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->C<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->o<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->l<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->l<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->e<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->d<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->g<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->e<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->
agreed upon formerly to
<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->b<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->e<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->e<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->
built at
<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->C<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->a<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->m<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->b<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->r<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->i<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->d<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->g s<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->h<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->a<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->l<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->b<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->e<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->e<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->
called [[Harvard College|Harvard
<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->C<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->o<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->l<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->l<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->e<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->d<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->g<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->e]]."}}<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES -->{{hsp}}{{r|charter}}
There being nothing to indicate what John Harvard had looked like, French took inspiration from a Harvard student [[collateral descendant|collaterally descended]] from an early Harvard president.

The statue's inscription{{mdashb}}{{small|{{smallcaps|{{nobr|JOHN HARVARD{{nbsp}}{{bullet}}}}{{thinsp}}{{thinsp}}{{nobr|FOUNDER{{nbsp}}{{bullet}}}} 1638}}}}{{mdashb}}is the subject of an [[wikt:arch#English-knowing|arch]] [[wikt:polemic#English-attack|polemic]]{{r|ST}}
traditionally recited for visitors,
questioning whether John Harvard justly merits the honorific ''founder''.
According to a Harvard official, the founding of the college was not the act of one but the work of many, and
John Harvard is therefore considered not ''the'' founder, but rather ''a''{{nbsp}}founder, of the school, though the timeliness and generosity of his contribution have made him the most honored of these.

Tourists often [[statue rubbing|rub]] the toe of ''John Harvard''{{'}}s left shoe for luck in the mistaken belief the doing so is a Harvard student tradition.{{r|toes}}

==Composition==
[[File:Clio_LACMA_M.88.91.271d.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|[[Clio (Hendrik Goltzius)|Hendrik Goltzius' ''Clio'']] ]]
[[File:Edward_Winslow.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|Portrait (artist unknown) of [[Edward Winslow]]]]

''[[The New York Times]]'' described the statue at its unveiling:
{{quote|The young clergyman is represented sitting, holding an open [book] on his knee. The costume is the simple clerical garb of the seventeenth century{{nbsp}}... low shoes, long, silk hose, loose knee breeches, and a tunic belted at the waist, while a long cloak, thrown back, falls in broad, picturesque folds.{{NoteTag|name=NYT18
|1={{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1884/10/18/106163042.pdf |title=The John Harvard Statue |work=The New York Times<!--actually, quoting the Traveler--> |date=October 18, 1884}}
In quoting this passage the word ''book'' has been substituted for ''Bible'' per the unanimity of other sources,{{ran|M}}{{r|american_art|p=279}}{{r|national}}{{r|magazine|p=522}}{{r|leslie}}{{r|ireland}}
all of which refer to the volume held by the figure as a ''book'' or ''tome'', but not specifically a Bible.
In the planning of the costume, "<!--Mr. Deane said that he had had several interviews with the artist, Mr. French, on the subject of the costume for the John Harvard statue, and, from some represen{{shy}}ta{{shy}}tions of the dress worn by Puritan clergymen of the time, which they had examined, he thought that a definite idea of an appropriate costume might be formed. -->It was understood that Harvard was a clergyman educated at Cambridge, and, following as he did the fortunes of other clergymen who came to Massachu{{shy}}setts in the early period, he would be likely to be a [[Puritan]] of their stamp,{{Mdashb}}that is to say, not a [[English Separatists|Separatist]]. Pictures represent the Puritan minister of that day as wearing a somewhat closely fitting cloak, covering perhaps a [[cassock]], with a broad linen collar and a skull-cap. The narrow bands and the wig came in later. No mistake could be made in the garment worn over the lower part of the body."{{hsp}}{{r|MassHist}}
{{paragraph break}}
That ''John Harvard'' is wearing a skullcap is frequently overlooked.
"Edward T. Wilcox, A.M.{{nbsp}}'49{{nbsp}}... had a 38-year tenure at the College, during which he no doubt won many a highball with the following challenge [which he repeated during remarks at a 1974 ceremony honoring long-serving Univer{{shy}}si{{shy}}ty employees]. 'How many of you would be prepared to bet one way or the other{{nbsp}}... if I told you John Harvard is actually wearing a cap?{{' "}}{{hsp}}{{r|toes}}
{{paragraph}}
Other subtle details are a slight mustache, tassels at the collar, and "roselike decorations" on the shoes.{{r|ireland}}
}}<!--<<END NOTE-->  }}<!--<<end quote-->
John Harvard's gift to the school was [[Pound sterling|£]]780 and{{mdashb}}perhaps more importantly{{ran|M}}{{r|potter1}}{{mdashb}}his 400-volume scholar's library:{{r|potter2}}
{{quote|Partly under the chair, within easy reach, lie a pile of books.{{NoteTag|name=NYT18}}
}}
That he had died of [[tuberculosis]], at about age thirty,
was one of the few things known about John Harvard at the time of the statue's composition; as dedication orator [[George Edward Ellis]] put it:
{{quote|Gently touched by the weakness which was wasting his immature {{nowrap|life,{{NoteTag
|Per ''Memorial of John Harvard'',{{ran|M}} Ellis spoke of illness threatening Harvard's "immature" life, but the ''Crimson'' reporter understood Ellis to be speaking of Harvard's "miniature" life.{{r|Crimson1884}}
<!--I do not recall anything in connection with the statue of special interest except the fact that the late Sherman Hoar sat to me for the face. It is not a portrait of Mr. Hoar, but is similar to him in the general lines and in some of the detail. I selected him for my model because he embodied, more than anyone I knew, the characteristics that seemed to me to belong to John Harvard. As you of course know, there was (and is) no portrait of Harvard, and but the briefest description of the man. -->{{paragraph break}}
[[File:USA-John Harvard1 cropped.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.8]]
"If I remember aright," French was quoted in 1899 as saying, John Har{{shy}}vard "<!--he-->is described as being 'rever{{shy}}end, godly, and a lover of learn{{shy}}ing,' and it is known that he died at an early age (about thirty) of [[wikt:consumption#English-TB|consumption]], which gave a clue to his phy{{shy}}sique."
(French's daughter wrote{{r|ST}} of the figure's "beautiful, wasted hand{{nbsp}}... the hands were thin and nervous"; Shand-Tucci{{r|ST}} mentions the "scrawny calves.") French continued, "It may possibly be of interest that my regular model for the statue, except the face, was a young Englishman, a graduate of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], who was temporar{{shy}}ily embarrassed financially and took this means of earning his bread."{{hsp}}{{r|HarvIllus1899}}
}}<!--END NOTE--> }} he rests for a moment from his [[wikt:converse#English-noun discourse|converse]] with wisdom on the printed page, and raises his contemplative eye to the spaces of all wisdom.{{NoteTag|
While ''Memorial of John Harvard''{{hsp}}{{ran|M}} quotes Ellis as saying John Harvard "raises his contemplative eye to the spaces of all wisdom<!--<<whatever that means-->", the ''Harvard Crimson''{{hsp}}{{r|Crimson1884}} relates that Ellis imagined that the figure "gazes for a moment into the future".
|name=gazes}}
}}

Historian [[Laurel Ulrich]] suggests that ''John Harvard''{{'}}s general composition may have been inspired by [[Clio (Hendrik Goltzius)|Hendrik Goltzius' engraving of Clio]] (the Greek muse of history), and that  the figure's collar, buttons, tassel, and mustache may have been taken from a portrait of [[Plymouth Colony]] Governor [[Edward Winslow]].{{r|ireland}}

{{clear}}

==History==
{{multiple image
 | align = left |width=125  | direction = vertical
 | image1 = John Harvard Statue right side of head.jpg
 | image2 = Sherman Hoar younger cropped.png
 | footer =Harvard student [[Sherman Hoar]] was the {{shy|inspi|ra|tion}} for ''John Harvard''{{'}}s face.}}

On June 27, 1883,<!--inscription at rear of plinth gives "June 17 1883" -- perhaps date of the letter?-->
at the [[History and traditions of Harvard commencements|Commencement Day]] dinner<!--these should be mentioned in the Commencements article--> of Harvard alumni a letter was read{{ran|M}}
from "a generous benefactor, General [[Samuel James Bridge]], an adopted alumnus of the college":{{r|MassHist}}{{NoteTag|
[[Joseph Hodges Choate]], presiding at the dinner, "referred to the giver as 'a pious worshipper at Harvard's shrine, turning his face towards Mecca;' and, when the letter was read, the applause of the company compelled Mr. Bridge to make a silent acknowledgement".{{ran|M}}
}}
{{quote|
{{smallcaps|To the [[President and Fellows of Harvard College]].}}<br/>''Gentlemen,'' {{mdash}} <!--spaces here -- this is a bit different than the usual use of mdash-->I have the pleasure of offering you an ideal statue in bronze, representing your founder, the Rev. John Harvard, to be designed by Daniel C.{{nbsp}}French of Concord{{nbsp}}... I am assured that the same can be in place by June{{nbsp}}1, 1884.{{ran|M}}
}}<!--end quote-->

Bridge specified an "ideal" statue because there was then (as now){{r|HMagJanFeb2000}}
nothing to indicate what John Harvard had looked like;
thus when French began work in September he used Harvard student [[Sherman Hoar]] as inspiration for the figure's face.
"In looking about for a type of [[Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)<!--check for some better link-->|the early comers to our shores]]," he wrote, "I chose a lineal descendant of them for my model in the general structure of the face. He has more of what I want than anybody I know."{{hsp}}{{r|AZ}}
(Through his father [[Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar]]{{mdashb}}chairman{{ran|M}} of Harvard's [[Harvard Board of Overseers|Board of Overseers]]{{mdashb}}Sherman Hoar was descended from a brother of Harvard's fourth president [[Leonard Hoar]],{{NoteTag|1=
{{cite book|first=Henry Stedman |last=Nourse |url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~malchist/mypage40.htm |title=The Hoar Family in America |year=1899}} (See family tree at end of transcription.) "Leonard Hoar, designated in his father's will to be the scholar of the family and a teacher in the church," became in 1672 the first Harvard president to have also been a Harvard graduate. "In [[Samuel Sewall|Sewall's Diary]], June{{nbsp}}15, 1674, is an account of the flogging of an undergraduate before the assembled students in the Library, President Hoar prefacing and closing the exercises with prayer. But this was not a very unusual discipline in those days and Dr. Hoar is not charged with undue severity." 
}}
as well as from [[Roger Sherman]], a signer of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] and the [[United States Constitution]].{{r|ireland}})

The commission weighed heavily on French even as the figure neared completion. "I am sometimes scared by the importance of this work. It is a subject that one might not have in a lifetime," wrote the sculptor{{mdashb}}who thirty years later would create the [[Abraham Lincoln (1920 statue)|statue of Abraham Lincoln]] for the Lincoln Memorial{{mdashb}}"and a failure would be inexcusable. As a general thing, my model looks pretty well to me, but there are dark days."{{r|richman}}

French's final model was ready the following May and realized in bronze by the [[Henry-Bonnard Bronze Company]] over the next several months.
The cost was reportedly more than $20,000{{r|Crimson1984}} (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|20000|1884|fmt=c|r=-5}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}).

The statue was installed{{mdashb}}"looking wistfully into the western sky", said Harvard president
[[Charles William Eliot|Charles W. Eliot]]{{ran|M}}{{mdashb}}at
the western end of Memorial Hall on the triangular city block then known as the Delta
{{Crossreference|(see [[Memorial Hall (Harvard University)|Memorial Hall]])}}.{{r|move}}
At its October 15, 1884 unveiling{{ran|M}} Ellis gave
"a singularly felicitous address, telling the story of the life of John Harvard, who passes so mysteriously across the page of our early history."{{hsp}}{{r|bacon}}

[[File:John Harvard statue old site Memorial Hall 3.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|{{center|Original site west of [[Memorial Hall (Harvard University)|Memorial Hall]]}}]]

In 1920 French wrote{{r|alumni_1924}}{{r|lowell}}
to Harvard president [[Abbott Lawrence Lowell]] desiring that the statue be relocated; in 1924{{r|ST}}{{r|Crimson1984}}{{r|move}}
it was moved from Memorial Hall (then the college dining hall{{mdashb}}a
''[[Harvard Lampoon]]'' drawing showed ''John Harvard'' dismounting his [[plinth]], chair in tow, and holding his nose because he "couldn't stand the smell of 'Mem' any longer"){{citation needed|date=November 2012}}
to its current location on the west side of Harvard Yard's [[University Hall (Harvard University)|University Hall]], facing [[Harvard Hall (Harvard University)|Harvard Hall]], [[Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)|Massachusetts Hall]], and the [[Johnston Gate]].{{NoteTag|name=bunting|1=
{{cite book|first=Bainbridge |last=Bunting |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlaE3-XfmJwC |title=Harvard: An Architectural History |page=290, n.14|postscript=:|isbn=9780674372917 |year=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press }} "The transfer of the statue from its original site on the Delta to a position on axis with Charles McKim's Johnston Gate was intended to give a sense of large-scale planning to the Yard and also to ameliorate the awkwardness of the central portion of Bulfinch's facade of University Hall."
}}
Later that year the ''Lampoon'' imagined the frustrations of the metallic, immobile ''John Harvard'' surrounded by Harvard under{{shy}}graduates{{mdash}}{{r|Crimson1984}}<!-- a direct cite instead of via Crimson would be better -->
{{quote|
''Great men arise{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}}/{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}}Before my eyes{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}}/{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}}From yonder pile I founded''<br/>''While I must sit{{nowrap|{{thinsp}}{{thinsp}}{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}}/{{nbsp}}{{thinsp}}}}Quite out of it{{nowrap|{{thinsp}}{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}}/{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}}}}My jealousy unbounded''<!-- italics for now since presence of Hoar image at left messes up indenting of quote, at some screen sizes-->
}}<!--end quote-->
{{mdash}}though twelve years later [[David McCord]] portrayed the founder as satisfied in his stationarity:{{r|bethell}}
{{quote|
''"Is that you, John Harvard?"{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}}/{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}}I said to his statue.''<br/>''"Aye, that's me," said John,{{nowrap|{{thinsp}}{{thinsp}}{{thinsp}}{{nbsp}}/{{nbsp}}{{nbsp}}}}"And after you're gone."''
}}<!--<<end quote-->

A photograph of the statue appeared on the cover of the May 5, 1941 issue of ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oldlifemagazine.com/may-05-1941-life-magazine.html | title=Life Magazine, May 5, 1941 - Harvard }}</ref>

Sometime in the 1990s tour guides began encouraging visitors to emulate a "student tradition"{{mdashb}}nonexistent{{mdashb}}of rubbing the toe of ''John Harvard''{{'}}s left shoe for luck, so that while the statue as a whole is darkly weathered the toe now "gleams almost throbbingly bright, as though from an excruciating inflammation of the bronze."{{hsp}}{{NoteTag|name=rubforluck
|Though noting that "students ''do'' rub bronze body parts [including noses and 'pedal extremeties'] at many schools and colleges", and that Dean of Students [[Archie Epps]] confessed to having once "insinuated himself into a group of tourists admiring the statue and whispered, 'I wonder if you'd get good luck if you rubbed his foot{{' "}},
''[[Harvard Magazine]]'' attributed persistence of the Harvard rub-for-luck faux tradition to the "mythmaking" of tour guides, who "assure their flocks that undergraduates have ''traditionally'' rubbed John Harvard's foot for luck (before exams or a [[wikt:mixer#English-socialevent|mixer]]). They invite the tourists to do the same, and the tourists, being game and having paid their nickel, rub with gusto."{{r|toes}}
{{paragraph break}}
In 2021 curators restored the toe's brown patina, but predicted that it would soon be rubbed off again.{{r|refresh}}
Based on the estimate of a professor of [[materials science]] that "the shoe can endure 10 million rubs before it is utterly consumed", ''Harvard Magazine'' concluded that "the situation is grave": if 20,000 visitors per year each contrib{{shy}}ute "three brisk rubs (conservative estimates, surely), in 166 years John's toes will be history."{{hsp}}{{r|toes}}
}}<!--END NOTE-->
It is, however, traditional for seniors, as they process to graduation exercises on Commencement Day ({{crossreference|see [[History and traditions of Harvard commencements]]}}), to remove their caps as they pass.{{r|Crimson1984}}{{r|regalia}}

The statue is depicted on the [[United States Postal Service]]'s 1986 John Harvard stamp (part of its [[Great Americans series]]).{{r|stamp}}
{{clear}}
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
| footer = | align = center
| image1 = John Harvard Statue Harvard Logo.jpg | width1 = {{#expr: (145* 510/655) round 0 }}
| caption1 = Harvard College<br/>seal{{NoteTag|name=seal}}
| image2    = John Harvard Statue Books Under Chair.jpg | width2    = {{#expr: (145 *935 / 665) round 0}}
| caption2  = Harvard's gift included his {{nowrap|400-volume scholar's}} library.
| image3=Harvard_University_(7180414476).jpg |width3 = {{#expr:(145*1600/1010) round 0}}
| caption3=<!--speaks for itself-->
| image4    = JohnHarvardStatue_ToeRub.jpg | width4   = {{#expr: (145 *977 / 745) round 0}}
| caption4  = Tourists (if not students) rub {{nowrap|''John Harvard''{{'}}s}} toe {{nowrap|for luck.{{NoteTag|name=rubforluck}}}}
| image5 = John_Harvard_Statue_Emmanuel_College_Logo.jpg | width5    = {{#expr: (145 *413/583) round 0}}
| caption5 = Emmanuel<br/>College seal
}}

==Seals and inscriptions==
[[File:JohnHarvardShinyFoot24June07.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.20|''John Harvard'' guard{{shy}}ing the Univer{{shy}}sity Hall offices of the Dean of Harvard College (the loca{{shy}}tion calcu{{shy}}lated, the ''Harvard Crimson'' once said, "accord{{shy}}ing to one theory, in order to keep all light out of the Dean's office").{{zwsp}}{{r|crime_1934}}
Note Harvard College seal on plinth.]]

{{Quote box|salign=right|align = left|width=23em| bgcolor=#F5F6CE 
|quote=The facts as to John Harvard's relation to the found{{shy}}ing of the Col{{shy}}lege{{nbsp}}... are entirely compati{{shy}}ble with the inscription on John Harvard's statue. There is no myth to be destroyed.
|author=Jerome Davis Greene{{NoteTag|name=Greene}} 
}}<!--end quote-->

[[File:Lincoln statue, Lincoln Memorial.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|[[Abraham Lincoln (1920 statue)|French's 1920 ''Abraham Lincoln'']]. [[Laurel Ulrich]] notes that "statues of great men are not often seated".{{r|ireland}}]]

The monument's six-foot{{r|HarvIllus1899}}
granite [[plinth]] is by Boston architect [[Charles Howard Walker]].{{r|Crimson1984}}
On its southern side (the side to the viewer's right), in bronze, is the seal of John Harvard's alma mater, the University of Cambridge's [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge|Emmanuel College]]; on the northern side is what Ellis called "that most felicitously chosen of all like [[wikt:device#English-heraldry|devices]], the three open books and the ''[[wikt:veritas#Latin-truth|veritas]]'' of Harvard. The pupil of the one institution was the founder of the other, transferring learning from its foreign home to this once wilderness scene."{{hsp}}{{r|MassHist}}{{NoteTag
|name=seal|The modern design of the Harvard College seal features the syllables {{smallcaps|{{nobr|ve{{bullet}}}}{{nobr|ri{{bullet}}}}tas}} ("truth") superimposed on three books opened face up, with their pages to the viewer.<!-- no doubt some heraldic scholar can cast this description into Latin for us, you know, "Librum tripartite rampant antes on a field of sigullum orbis recto" or whatever -->
The seal on the plinth, however, is an earlier design (the "Quincy seal", itself based on a long-forgotten 17th-century design rediscovered by president [[Josiah Quincy III|Josiah Quincy]] in the 1830s){{r|seals}}
in which the third book is opened face ''down,'' with the letters {{smallcaps|tas}} over cover, spine, cover.
}}<!--END NOTE-->
On the rear are the words
{{small|{{smallcaps|GIVEN BY{{nbsp}}{{bullet}}{{thinsp}}{{thinsp}}SAMUEL JAMES BRIDGE{{nbsp}}{{bullet}} {{thinsp}}JUNE{{nbsp}}17, 1883}}}}.{{NoteTag|
{{ran|M}}
Additionally, on either side of the base of the sculpture are {{small|{{smallcaps|THE HENRY-BONNARD BRONZE CO.{{nbsp}}{{bullet}}{{thinsp}} NEW YORK 1884}}}}
and {{small|{{smallcaps|DANIEL C. FRENCH{{nbsp}}{{bullet}}{{thinsp}} 1884}}}}.{{r|smithsonian}}<!--check capitalization and typography-->
}}

The face of the plinth is inscribed (in letters originally [[gilding|gilt]]){{ran|M}}
{{small|{{smallcaps|{{nobr|JOHN HARVARD{{nbsp}}{{bullet}}}}{{thinsp}}{{thinsp}}{{nobr|FOUNDER{{nbsp}}{{bullet}}}} 1638}}}}{{mdashb}}words "hardly read before some smartass guide breezily informs the unsuspecting visitor that this is, after all, the 'Statue of the Three Lies{{' "}} (as Douglas Shand-Tucci put it)<!--{{mdashb}}so very Harvard, right?-->{{r|ST}}
because (as is ritually related to freshmen and 
{{nowrap|visitors):{{r|toes}}
}}<!--<<end NOWRAP-->
:*the statue is not a likeness of {{small|{{smallcaps|JOHN HARVARD}}}};
<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES below-->
<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES below-->
<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES below-->
<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES on this line -->:*it was the [[Massachusetts General Court|Great and General Court of the Massachu{{shy}}setts Bay Colony]]{{mdashb}}not John Harvard{{mdashb}}which first voted {{Sic|hide=y|"to give {{nowrap|400£}}<!--DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES e.g. 400£ (not £400) is as quoted--> towards a schoale or Colledge<!--, whearof {{nowrap|200£}} to bee paid the next yeare, and {{nowrap|200£}} when the worke is finished  , and the next Court to appoint wheare and what bulding-->"}}, preempting any claim for John Harvard as {{small|{{smallcaps|FOUNDER}}}}; and<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES-->
<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES above-->
<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES above-->
<!-- DO NOT "FIX" DIRECT QUOTES above-->
:*the General Court's vote came in 1636, not in the inscription's {{small|{{smallcaps|1638}}}}{{mdashb}}the latter being merely the year of John Harvard's bequest to the school.

However (Shand-Tucci continues) "the idea of the three lies is at best a fourth, and by far the greater falsehood,"{{hsp}}{{r|ST}}
as detailed in a 1934 letter to the ''[[The Harvard Crimson|Harvard Crimson]]'' from the secretary of the [[Harvard Corporation]] and director of the school's then-upcoming [[Harvard Tercentenary celebration|Tercenten{{shy}}ary Celebration]]:
{{quote|
<!--The quibble over the question whether John Harvard was entitled to be called the Founder of Harvard College seems to me one of the least profitable.
The destruc{{shy}}tion of myths is a legiti{{shy}}mate sport, but its only justifica{{shy}}tion is the establish{{shy}}ment of truth in place of error.
-->
The facts as to John Harvard's relation to the founding of the College are not at all in dispute nor can it be said that the statue in front of University Hall does any violence to them.
<!-- [list of facts enumerated in original] -->
No likeness of John Harvard having been preserved, the statue
<!--by Daniel C. French in the College Yard and the stained glass portrait at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, are both ideal representa{{shy}}tions.-->[is an "ideal" representa{{shy}}tion].

If the founding of a university must be dated to a split second of time, then the founding of Harvard should perhaps be fixed by the fall of the president's gavel in announcing the passage of the vote of October 28, 1636
''{{bracket|see [[History of Harvard University]]}}.
But if the founding is to be regarded as a process rather than as a single event
<!--, and more especially if in that process John Harvard's bequest gave to the College, within a month or two of its opening session, its first substantial endowment, then he-->
[then John Harvard, by virtue of his bequest "at the very threshold of the College's existence and going further than any other contribution made up to that time to ensure its permanence"] is clearly entitled to be considered a founder. The General Court{{nbsp}}...
<!--evidently felt that such a gift, at the very threshold of the College's existence and going further than any other contribu{{shy}}tion made up to that time to ensure its permanence, made him the founder in the sense of one who set up a foundation. They-->
acknowledged the fact by bestowing his name on the College.
<!--This was almost two years before the first President took office and four years before the first students were graduated.-->

These are all familiar facts and it is well that they should be understood by the sons of Harvard. They are entirely compatible with the inscription on John Harvard's statue. There is no myth to be destroyed.{{NoteTag|name=Greene|1=
Excerpted from {{cite news|first=Jerome Davis |last=Greene<!--Greene, despite misspelling in Crimson as //Groene//--> |author-link=Jerome Davis Greene |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1934/12/11/dont-quibble-sybll-ped-note-the-crimson/ |title=Don't Quibble Sybil<!--misprinted in Crimson online as Sybll--> {{mdash}} The Mail" (Letter to the editor) |work=Harvard Crimson |date=December 11, 1934}} ("Don't quibble, Sybil" is a line from Noël Coward's 1930 ''[[Private Lives]]''.)
Greene's scold to "the sons of Harvard" opens, "The quibble over the question whether John Harvard was entitled to be called the Founder of Harvard College seems to me one of the least profitable.
The destruction of myths is a legitimate sport, but its only justification is the establish{{shy}}ment of truth in place of error."
Greene was responding to a November 26 ''Crimson'' item iconoclas{{shy}}tically headlined [http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1934/11/26/memorial-society-honors-founder-of-college/ "Memorial Society Honors Founder of College In the Name and Image of Two Other Men{{nbsp}}{{mdash}} College Founded By Grant of the Massachu{{shy}}setts General Court in the Year 1636"] : "When the members of the Memorial Society place a wreath on the statue of John Harvard today, expecting to honor the memory and the image of the founder of Harvard College, they will be honoring the likeness of another man and the name of a man who was not the legal founder of the college."
}}<!--<<END NOTE--> }}<!--end quote-->

==Pranks==

The statue became the target of pranks soon after its unveiling.

===1884 tarring===
In 1884, ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'' reported that,
"Some ingenious persons covered the John Harvard statue last night with a coat of tar. The same persons presum{{shy}}ably<!--corrected presumable to presumably-->, marked a large '87 on the wall at the entrance of the chapel,"{{hsp}}{{refn|{{cite news
|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1884/11/15/fact-and-rumor-the-price-of
|work=Harvard Crimson|title=Fact and Rumor|date=November 15, 1884<!--no author-->
}} }}
and in 1886 the ''Crimson'' mentions a further incident: "A graduate contribu{{shy}}tor to the Advocate suggests that the editors of the college papers ferret out the authors of the small disturbances, such as the painting of the John Harvard statue."{{hsp}}{{refn|{{cite news
|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1886/2/26/no-headline-a-gentleman-has-called
|date=February 26, 1886|work=Harvard Crimson|title=Untitled
}} }}

===1890 painting===

Following a May 31, 1890 Harvard athletic victory, front-page headlines in the ''Boston Morning Globe'' declared:
"Vandalism at Harvard; statue of John Harvard and college buildings daubed with red paint by drunken students; seniors and faculty indig{{shy}}nant{{nbsp}}... Riotous Mob Ruled the Campus<!--... Indignant Students Call a Mass Meeting-->."{{hsp}}{{refn|{{cite news
|date=June 2, 1890|work=Boston Globe|page=1|title=Vandalism at Harvard
}} }}

The next day the ''Globe'' further reported that a Harvard student observing graffiti-removal efforts "declared that no Harvard man ever daubed the impious phrase, 'To {{nowrap|h{{mdash}}l}} with Yale.' He was of the opinion that a Harvard man would at least soften the profanity by varnishing it with Latin or Greek{{nbsp}}... Two detectives who were requested to ferret out the perpetrators paid little heed to the discussion on swear words, but kept their eyes on several impressions that had been made on the paint when it was fresh. One thought they were made by a dog's paws, and as several students kept dogs the suspicion was magnified to the importance of a clue. A student, however, told the detectives that according to his view the impressions were made by barefoot boys walking on tip-toe."{{hsp}}{{refn|{{citation
|date=June 3, 1890|work=[[Boston Morning Globe]]|page=1
}} }}

Out-of-state newspapers reporting the outrage, and to a greater or lesser degree following the subsequent investigation, included (among many others):
* ''The World'' (New York, New York; June{{nbsp}}2, p.{{nbsp}}2): "A Jocular Outrage{{nbsp}}{{mdash}} Harvard Students Exceed Decency in Celebrating."
* ''Evening Gazette'' (Sterling, Illinois; June{{nbsp}}2, p.{{nbsp}}4): "Harvard Students on an Outra{{shy}}geous Tear.{{nbsp}}{{mdash}} Slathers of Red Paint Used.{{nbsp}}{{mdash}} The Fine Statue of the College Founder Ruined by the Crazy [[wikt:scapegrace#reckless person|Scapegraces]]."
* ''Fort Wayne Sentinel'' (Fort Wayne, Indiana; June{{nbsp}}2, p.{{nbsp}}5): "The faculty will expel the criminals and {{sic|nolink=y|persecute}} them if found."
* ''The Philadelphia Record'': "Painted Harvard Red{{nbsp}}{{mdash}} Disgraceful Antics of Rum-Crazed Students.{{nbsp}}{{mdash}} Cambridge is Horri{{shy}}fied.{{nbsp}}{{mdash}} The Faculty Bent on Venge{{shy}}ance{{nbsp}}... Last night the whole college celebrated a wild {{sic|link=no|orgie}}{{nbsp}}...<!-- in honor of its victory over Yale at [[Berkeley Oval (Yale)|Berkeley oval]] on Saturday.--> There were suppers, bonfires, [[wikt:fish-horn|fish-horns]] and a general pandemo{{shy}}ni{{shy}}um; but, save the insane acts of two of the students, who, overcome with enthusi{{shy}}asm, deliber{{shy}}ately threw their dress coats into the bonfire while dancing around the blaze, no great overt act was then commit{{shy}}{{nobreak|ted ...}}<!--<<nbsp doesn't work for some reason--> It was during the small hours that the vandals were {{nobreak|[[wikt:abroad#English-unconfined|abroad]] ...}} [''John Harvard''{{'}}s] face, hands, books, and shoes were bright crimson, and his clothes striped like a zebra."{{hsp}}{{r|record}}

Despite a mass meeting of outraged Harvard men (who insisted the culprits must be outside{{shy}}ers or, failing that, freshmen), the hiring of detec{{shy}}tives, and an apparently facetious report that Harvard President [[Charles W. Eliot]] was unavaila{{shy}}ble for comment because he had "<!--had -->gone out in the woods to cut [[switch (rod)|switches]]" (all ''Globe,'' June{{nbsp}}3), on June{{nbsp}}22 an anonymous contribu{{shy}}tor (''Globe'', p.{{nbsp}}20) intimated that while "the faculty claim that they have not found out any of the men who did the 'fine art' work{{nbsp}}... I saw the ringleader on class day showing two very pretty girls around the 'yard'."

===Other incidents===

In March 1934 Harvard athletes were suspected in the disappearance of [[Yale]]'s "ugly bulldog mascot", [[Handsome Dan]].{{refn|name=times_honors|{{cite news
|title=Harvard Honors 'Yard Cop' Chief|work=The New York Times|date=February 7, 1940|page=13
}} {{closed access}} }}{{refn|{{cite news
|title=Bingham Denies Mermen Kidnaped Handsome Dan – Advises Farmer Athletes Are Not Connected With Affair <!--NO WRITER ATTRIBUTED-->|date= March 21, 1934|work=The Harvard Crimson
|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1934/3/21/bingham-denies-mermen-kidnaped-handsome-dan/
}} {{open access}} }}{{refn|name=harvard_alumni|{{cite book
|title=Untitled|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHXPAAAAMAAJ|volume=36|year=1934|page=730|work=Harvard Alumni Bulletin|number=25<!--need title-->
}} {{closed access}} }}
The dog was recovered a few days later, though not before the ''Harvard Lampoon'' had photographed him licking ''John Harvard''{{'}}s boots,{{refn|{{cite news
|work=Berkeley Daily Gazette|date=March 26, 1934|title=Yale's Pet Back, But Photographs Show Treachery
|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1970&dat=19340326&id=MlAyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IeQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4091,2255253&hl=en
}} {{open access}} }}{{refn|{{cite news
|title=Handsome Dan II To Appear In Newsreel at University – Apted Figures in Filming of Stolen Yale Mascot <!--NO WRITER ATTRIBUTED-->|date= March 28, 1934|work=The Harvard Crimson
|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1934/3/28/handsome-dan-ii-to-appear-in/
}} {{open access}} }}
which had been smeared with hamburger.{{r|harvard_alumni}}
([[Man bites dog (journalism)|"Dog licks man"]], a ''Crimson'' headline read.){{refn|{{cite news
|title=First Eli Bulldog Barked at Opponents In 1890; Second Licked Harvard's Feet <!--NO WRITER ATTRIBUTED-->|date= November 25, 1950|work=The Harvard Crimson
|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1950/11/25/first-eli-bulldog-barked-at-opponents/
}} {{open access}} }}

"Some years ago some students painted [the statue] [[crimson]] and our cops caught them red-handed", Deputy Chief of the Harvard University Police Jack W. Morse told ''The Harvard Crimson'' in 1984, adding "I've been waiting a long time to use that."{{hsp}}{{r|Crimson1984}}
(Crimson is Harvard's [[school color]].){{refn| {{cite web|title=Color – Identity Guidelines – Harvard Business School|url=http://www.hbs.edu/marketing/color.html|publisher=Harvard Business School|access-date=3 March 2015}} }}

As the statue's hundredth anniversary approached, ''[[Harvard Lampoon]]'' president [[Conan O'Brien]] predicted that "we'll probably stuff it with cottage cheese, maybe also with some chives."{{hsp}}{{r|Crimson1984}}
"I think it’s creative but I wish students would direct their creative energies elsewhere," a Harvard maintenance official said in 2002.{{r|crime_2002}}

=="Idealization" dispute==

[[File:1844 GeorgeEdwardEllis byFrancisAlexander Harvard.jpeg|right|thumb|upright=0.8|[[George Edward Ellis]] ]]
[[File:Robert Charles Winthrop.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|[[Robert Charles Winthrop|Robert C. Winthrop]], c.{{nbsp}}1850]]

The challenge of creating an idealized representation of John Harvard was discussed by Ellis at the October 1883 meeting of the Massachu{{shy}}setts Historical Society:{{r|MassHist}}
{{quote|A very exacting demand is to be made upon the genius and skill of the artist{{nbsp}}...<!-- , who is to represent in bronze the form and lineaments of a young scholar of whose personal appearance we have no represen{{shy}}ta{{shy}}iton, relic, or even description.--> The work must be wholly ideal, guided by a few suggestive hints, all of which are in harmony with grace, delicacy, dignity, and reverential regard. There is necessarily much that is unsatisfactory in a wholly idealized represen{{shy}}ta{{shy}}tion by art of an historical person of whose form, features, and [[wikt:lineament#English-facial|lineaments]] there are no certifications. But the few facts [known with certainty] concerning Harvard are certainly helpful to the artist.
}}

But Society president [[Robert Charles Winthrop]] harshly disapproved:
{{quote|It must be altogether a fancy sketch, a [[s:The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark/Act 3#counterfeit presentment|'counterfeit presentment,']]{{mdashb}}to use Shake{{shy}}speare's phrase,{{mdashb}}and in more senses of the word than one{{nbsp}}... [S]uch attempts to make portrait statues of those of whom there are not only no portraits, but no records or recollec{{shy}}tions, are of very doubtful desirea{{shy}}ble{{shy}}ness{{nbsp}}... Such a course tends to the confusing and confounding of historic truth and leaves posterity unable to decide what is authentic and what is mere inven{{shy}}tion{{nbsp}}... It seems to me of very questionable expediency to get up a fictitious likeness of him and make up a figure according to our ideas of the man.
}}

A year later, in his oration{{ran|M}} before the unveiling of what he called "a ''[[simulacrum|simula{{shy}}crum]]''{{nbsp}}... a conception of what Harvard might have been in body and lineament, from what we know that he was in mind and in soul", Ellis answered Winthrop's criticism:
<!-- Let it be distinctly and frankly avowed, for record on this precise day of the unveiling of a statue as a ''simulacrum'' of John Harvard,{{mdashb}}so that only wilful error, or a fond, mythical invention can ever mislead or falsify a generous and grateful prompting,{{mdashb}}that-->
{{quote|This exquisite moulding in bronze serves a purpose for the eye, the thought, and sentiment, through the ideal, in lack of the real{{nbsp}}...<!-- We have enlisted one of the noblest of the arts to embody a conception of what Harvard might have been in body and lineament, from what we know that he was in mind and in soul.--> It is by no means without allowed and approved precedent, that, in the lack of authentic portraitures of such as are to be commemorated, an ideal representa{{shy}}tion supplies the vacancy of a reality. It is one of the fair issues between poetry and prose.
The wise, the honored, the fair, the noble, and the saintly, are never grudged some finer touches of the artist in tint or feature, which etherialize their beauty, or magnify their elevation, as expressed in the actual body,{{mdashb}}the eye, the brow, the lip, the moulding of the mortal clay. To flatter is not always to falsify.<!--
To say nothing of the classic paintings and sculptures of deities, muses, and graces, that never had a fleshly embodiments, nor even of the mediaeval saints and worthies, the halls and galleries of continental Europe, and the corridors of St. Stephen's, Westminster, have freely exercised the imagination of artists who had no certified originals to follow.
Were all the busts of philosophers, poets, and Caesars, in the museums of Rome, Florence, and Naples, portraitures from life?
And even where veritable representations [.... substantial text omitted ....] counterfeit of him?-->
}}
Should there ever appear, however,
{{quote|<!--And if the contingency which has been imagined should present itself, of the coming to light of-->some authentic portrai{{shy}}ture of John Harvard, the pledge may here and now be ventured, that some generous friend, such as, to the end, shall never fail our Alma Mater, notwithstanding her chronic poverty, will provide that this bronze shall be liquified again, and made to tell the whole known truth so as by fire.
}}

==See also==
*[[Public sculptures by Daniel Chester French]]
*[[Statue of John Bridge]]

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot|30em}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

{{refn|name=american_art|{{cite magazine
|magazine=American Architect and Architecture|title=Sitting Statues. John Harvard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5cwAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA279|volume=XIX|date=June 12, 1886|publisher=J. R. Osgood & Company|pages=279–81|number=546
}} }}

{{refn|name=lowell|1=Harvard University. President's Office. [http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/xslTransform;jsessionid=5EA75A578FFD3E282C91E72CC2A75266?histno=null&uniqueId=null&inoid=4594&eadid=hua03003&xslFileName=FindingAid.xsl Records of the President of Harvard University, Abbott Lawrence Lowell, 1909-1933.] UAI.5.160, Box 202, Folder #566. Harvard University Archives.
<!--<<doublecheck both of these (from Bunting)-->
}}

{{refn|name=ireland|{{cite news
|first=Corydon |last=Ireland|work=Harvard Gazette|title=Biography of a bronze|date=October 2, 2013
|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/10/biography-of-a-bronze/
|quote=Then there are the hard-to-see books scattered under the statue’s chair, companions to the single volume on his lap. (It’s not a Bible.)
}} }}

{{refn|name=crime_2002|{{cite journal
|first=Faryl |last=Ury |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2002/10/2/john-harvard-statue-vandalized-if-john/|title=John Harvard Statue Vandalized|journal=The Harvard Crimson|date=October 2, 2002}}
}}

{{refn|name=record|{{cite news
|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MR9iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gXUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4581,6331087|work=The Philadelphia Record|title=Painted Harvard Red|page=1|date=June 2, 1890}}}}

{{refn|name=AZ
|1=Bethell, John T., Hunt, Richard M., Shenton, Robert. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WGrBJFRw1GsC&pg=PA230 Harvard A to Z]. Harvard University Press. 2004.{{better source|reason=A to Z has so many errors on the subject of the statue that it's best to avoid it completely|date=December 2012}}
}}

{{refn|name=seals
|1=[https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/4/resources/4208 Harvard University. Corporation. Seals, 1650{{ndash}}{{zwsp}}{{bracket|1926}}: an inventory.] UAI 15.1310, Harvard University Archives.
}}

{{refn|name=regalia|{{cite news
|url=http://harvardmagazine.com/1999/05/ner.reading.html|title=Reading the Regalia: A guide to deciphering the academic dress code |work=Harvard Magazine |date=May 1999|last=Rose|first=Cynthia}} }}

{{refn|name=Crimson1984|{{cite news
|last=Callan |first=Richard L. |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1984/4/28/100-dears-of-solitude-pthe-john/?page=single |title=100 Years of Solitude: John Harvard Finishes His First Century |work=Harvard Crimson |date=April 28, 1984}}
}}

{{refn|name=crime_1934
|1=[http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1934/3/13/john-harvards-fiftieth-anniversary-approaches-pjohn/ "John Harvard's Fiftieth Anniversary Approaches{{nbsp}}{{mdash}} Statue First Erected in Front of Memorial Hall in 1884".] ''Harvard Crimson'', March 13, 1934.
}}

{{refn|name=bacon|{{cite book
|first=Edwin M. |last=Bacon |year=1886 |page=[https://archive.org/details/baconsdictionar01elligoog/page/n163 185]
|url=https://archive.org/details/baconsdictionar01elligoog |title=Bacon's Dictionary of Boston
|publisher=Houghton, Mifflin }} }}

{{refn|name=alumni_1924 |{{cite journal
|journal=Harvard Alumni Bulletin 
|volume= 26 |number= 30 |date= May 1, 1924 |page=844
}} }}

{{refn|name=HMagJanFeb2000
|1=Conrad Edick Wright, [http://harvardmagazine.com/2000/01/john-harvard.html John Harvard: Brief life of a Puritan philanthropist] ''Harvard Magazine''. January{{ndash}}{{zwsp}}February, 2000.
<!--"By the time the Harvards settled in Charlestown John must already have been in failing health{{nbsp}}... Consumption kills slowly. By the time Harvard died, he knew what he wanted to do with his estate."-->
}}

{{refn|name=refresh
|1=Colleen Walsh, [https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/09/the-iconic-john-harvard-statue-gets-a-refresh/ "John Harvard gets a facelift".] ''Harvard Gazette''. September 1, 2021.
}}

{{refn|name=richman
|1=Richman, Michael. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Og1QAAAAMAAJ Daniel Chester French, an American sculptor]'' (1983), p.{{nbsp}}58.
}}

{{refn|name=potter1
|1=Alfred C. Potter, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yRsUAAAAIAAJ "The College Library."] ''Harvard Illustrated Magazine,'' vol. IV no. 6, March 1903, pp.{{nbsp}}105{{ndash}}{{zwsp}}112.<!-- see also article at p.133ff -->
}}

{{refn|name=potter2|{{cite book|url=http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/dl/reading/001940602|title=Catalogue of John Harvard's library|first=Alfred Claghorn|last=Potter|location=Cambridge|publisher=J. Wilson|year=1913|access-date=2016-04-20|archive-date=2016-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506035219/http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/dl/reading/001940602|url-status=dead}} }}

{{refn|name=ST |1={{cite book
|last=Shand-Tucci|first=Douglas|title=The Campus Guide: Harvard University|pages=46{{ndash}}51|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|year=2001|isbn=9781568982809|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3g6vmGl0UgwC}}
}}

{{refn|name=toes|1=
[https://www.harvardmagazine.com/sites/default/files/html/1999/05/pump.html The College Pump: Toes Imperiled.] ''Harvard Magazine''  May{{ndash}}{{zwsp}}June 1999.}}

{{refn| name=charter|
[https://web.archive.org/web/20131012062952/http://hlcra.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2013/04/harvardcharter.pdf The Charter of the President and Fellows of Harvard College]<!--fix at [[John Harvard (clergyman)]] as well-->
}}

{{refn|name=Crimson1884|1=[http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1884/10/16/the-unveiling-of-the-harvard-statue/ "The Unveiling of the Harvard Statue"], ''Harvard Crimson,'' October 16, 1884.
}}

{{refn|name=HarvIllus1899
|1=Freeman. D. Bosworth, Jr.<!--full name from front of volume-->, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XhkUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA29-IA1 "The Statue of John Harvard"], ''The Harvard Illustrated Magazine,'' vol. I, no. 2 (Nov. 1899), pp.{{nbsp}}28{{ndash}}{{zwsp}}31.
}}

{{refn|name=move
|1=[http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1924/3/22/john-harvard-to-move-from-memorial/ John Harvard to Move from Memorial Region: Will Take Up Position Before University Hall Some Time in May] ''[[The Harvard Crimson|Harvard Crimson]]''. March 22, 1924.
}}

{{refn|name=MassHist
|1=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Bx4XAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA347 "Communication by George E. Ellis on the proposed Statue of John Harvard."] ''Proceedings of the Massachu{{shy}}setts Historical Society,'' vol. XX (1882{{ndash}}{{zwsp}}1883), pp 345{{ndash}}{{zwsp}}350.
}}

{{refn|name=bethell |{{cite journal
|journal=Harvard Magazine|url=http://harvardmagazine.com/1997/07a/alumni.html<!--there may be a better url-->|title=David McCord: Fishing with barbless hook|date=July{{ndash}}August 1997|first=John T.|last=Bethell
}}<!--<<end cite--> The quotation is the entirety of McCord's poem "Man from Emmanuel", originally published in the ''[[Harvard Lampoon]]'' (1936). 
}}<!--<<end ref-->

{{refn|name=smithsonian|{{cite web
|url=http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!10495~!0#focus
|website=Smithsonian American Art Museum – Inventory of American Sculpture
|title=John Harvard (sculpture)
}} Control number IAS 77000368 }}

{{refn|name=stamp
|1=[http://usstampgallery.com/view.php?id=7e107de3fa1437e84bc766bf7c84641bcd258a7c usstampgallery.com: John Harvard]
}}

{{refn|name=national|{{cite book
|title=The National Cyclopedia of American Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1uI-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA285
|volume=VIII|year=1898|publisher=J. T. White|page=285
}} }}

{{refn|name=magazine|{{cite book
|last=Badger|first=Henry C.|editor-first=Martha J. |editor-last=Lamb|title=The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3NIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA522|volume=18|date=July–August 1887
|publisher=A. S. Barnes.|pages=517–22|chapter=Notes from Harvard College: Its physical basis and intellectual life
}} }}

{{refn|name=leslie|{{cite magazine
|editor-first=T. De Witt |editor-last=Talmage|title=Statue of John Harvard
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVw2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA353|volume=17|date=April 1885
|publisher=Frank Leslie's Publishing House|page=353|magazine=Frank Leslie's Sunday Magazine|number=4
}} }}

}}

==Further reading==

{{refbegin}}

*{{rma|tag=M|reference=
[https://books.google.com/books?id=iorOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 ''Memorial of John Harvard: The gift to Harvard University of Samuel James Bridge. Ceremonies at the Unveiling of the Statue'' (1884)]
}}

{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=nUwEAAAAMBAJ Harvard: America's Great University Now Leads the World] ''Life'', vol. 10, no. 18 (May 5, 1941), cover (showing "John Harvard [statue]{{nbsp}}& Freshman") and pp.{{nbsp}}22, 89{{ndash}}{{zwsp}}99.
* [[Josiah Quincy III|Josiah Quincy]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=KynqxH_4lGUC&pg=PR3 ''History of Harvard College''] (title page showing "Quincy seal")
* [http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!10495~!0#focus Smithsonian American Art Museum{{snd}}Inventory of American Sculpture{{snd}}John Harvard (sculpture)]{{snd}}Detailed technical inventory

{{Daniel Chester French}}
{{Harvard|state=collapsed}}
{{Public art in Cambridge, Massachusetts}}

[[Category:1884 establishments in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:1884 sculptures]]
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Harvard University]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Sculptures by Daniel Chester French]]
[[Category:Sculptures of men in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Statues in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Vandalized works of art in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Sculptures of books]]
{{coord|42.37447|N|71.11719|W|type:landmark_scale:3000|display=title}}