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Stockton Street Tunnel

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Coordinates: 37°47′29″N 122°24′27″W / 37.7915°N 122.4074°W / 37.7915; -122.4074
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Stockton Street Tunnel
Overview
LocationSan Francisco, California
Coordinates37°47′29″N 122°24′27″W / 37.7915°N 122.4074°W / 37.7915; -122.4074
RouteStockton Street
Operation
OpenedDecember 29, 1914
OwnerCity of San Francisco
OperatorCity of San Francisco
TrafficAutomotive and pedestrian
Technical
Length911 feet (278 m)
No. of lanes3
Electrified600 V DC parallel overhead lines (Muni Trolleybus)
Tunnel clearance13 feet (4 m)
Width50 feet (15 m)

The Stockton Street Tunnel is a tunnel in San Francisco, California, and carries its namesake street underneath a section of Nob Hill near Chinatown for about three blocks. The south portal is located just shy of Bush Street, which is about two blocks to the north of Union Square. The north portal is located just to the south of the Sacramento Street intersection.

History

The tunnel was primarily built for the streetcars of the now defunct F Stockton line.[1] A petition was filed for a new streetcar line by Frank Stringham, representing an unnamed group of investors, with the San Francisco Board of Supervisors on January 23, 1909. Their intent was to create a nearly level route connecting North Beach with the downtown area.[2] George Skaller later took credit for the initial push for a tunnel, saying that the city had studied the idea for at least twenty years, but would never be built as "all city enterprises, on account of the long and windy red tape connected with city enterprises" were doomed by bureaucracy.[3] Stockton was favored over Grant, which was seen as too narrow, or Kearny, which already was franchised to the United Railways.[3]

Although Skaller initially hoped to raise private funding for the tunnel, the Board of Supervisors imposed a requirement allowing the city to take over the railway after ten years at its physical valuation, and no private investors were willing to fund the project. Instead, Skaller turned to the idea of public funding through a special assessment district, labeling the project as an "improvement" for existing roads.[3] The Stockton Street Tunnel Association launched its fundraising campaign in May 1910, hoping to raise US$450,000 (equivalent to $14,720,000 in 2023) to cover construction costs by creating a special assessment district to fund the improvements. The estimated assessment for a lot 25 by 100 feet (7.6 by 30.5 m) was US$62.50 (equivalent to $2,044 in 2023) in 1910.[4] The project adopted the slogan "The open door to North Beach" in May 1910.[5]

The Stockton Street Railway franchise was relinquished to the city in 1910, and suggestions were made that if ferries from Marin would land in North Beach instead of the Ferry Building, the resulting rise in local property values would offset the cost of the assessment.[6] Two assessment districts were set up, in North Beach and Downtown, and projected traffic was estimated to reach 50,000 to 75,000 passengers per hour during the Panama–Pacific International Exposition of 1915. The precedent set by the assessment districts for the Stockton Street Tunnel sparked interest in building a similar tunnel under Fillmore Street and leveling Rincon Hill to increase usable land,[7] but these added works were not carried through.

Final plans for the tunnel were filed by city engineer Marsden Manson in March 1912.[8] By June 1912, the final legal and funding issues were being resolved, and work was to start "within 30 or 60 days."[9] In July 1913, excavation of the bore was planned to take 100 days.[10] During construction, hotel guests were kept awake by work at night[11] and at least one worker was killed by a cave-in.[12] Revenue service through the tunnel was inaugurated by Mayor James Rolph on December 29, 1914.[13]

Design

The tunnel was built to decrease the grade through the hill. Before the tunnel was built, the maximum grade along the route of Stockton north from its intersection with Sutter was 18% and the maximum grade south from the intersection with Sacramento was 12%. The tunnel was built with a maximum grade of 4.29% between Sacramento and Sutter.[14] Initial plans in 1909 called for a tunnel 1,400 feet (430 m) long.[2] The planned tunnel was shortened in 1910 to 750 feet (230 m), with a width of 55 feet (17 m) and a height of 25 feet (7.6 m), with stairways connecting the tunnel with Pine and California streets.[4] The bore was narrowed slightly in 1912, with a total planned width of 42 feet (13 m) and a height of 18 feet (5.5 m).[8]

Construction involved lowering Stockton Street near where it passes into the tunnel from the South, evidence for which can still be seen at the building of 417 Stockton Street (Mystic Hotel), where the basement became the ground floor and the former front door is now a visibly marked window bay on the second floor.[13]

  • Initial design of south portal (1909)
    Initial design of south portal (1909)
  • Updated south portal (1910)
    Updated south portal (1910)
  • Final south portal design (1912)
    Final south portal design (1912)
  • North portal from within the tunnel, Chinatown (2016)
    North portal from within the tunnel, Chinatown (2016)
  • South portal, lower Nob Hill (2010)
    South portal, lower Nob Hill (2010)
  • Pedestrian (2008)
    Pedestrian (2008)
  • Looking out through the south portal (2007)
    Looking out through the south portal (2007)
  • Curved walls (2016)
    Curved walls (2016)
  • Top of stairs connecting upper Stockton Street with lower Stockton Street (2013)
    Top of stairs connecting upper Stockton Street with lower Stockton Street (2013)

See also

References

  1. ^ "A Brief History of the F-Market & Wharves Line | Market Street Railway". Market Street Railway. Retrieved 2016-02-22.
  2. ^ a b "Petition for New Franchise Filed". San Francisco Call. Vol. 105, no. 55. 24 January 1909. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  3. ^ a b c Skaller, George (10 August 1912). "Subway Enterprise Is Now Well Started". San Francisco Call. Vol. 112, no. 71. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  4. ^ a b "Tunnel Project Rapidly Nears Actual Digging". San Francisco Call. Vol. 107, no. 164. 13 May 1910. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  5. ^ ""Open Door To North Beach" Is The Slogan That Wins". San Francisco Call. Vol. 107, no. 165. 14 May 1910. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  6. ^ "Test Case to Fix Tunnel's Legal Status". San Francisco Call. Vol. 108, no. 12. 12 June 1910. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  7. ^ "Machinery Set In Motion To Build Stockton Street Tunnel". San Francisco Call. Vol. 111, no. 2. 2 December 1911. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  8. ^ a b "Classic Style Gives Pleasing Appearance to Subway Entrances". San Francisco Call. Vol. 111, no. 121. 30 March 1912. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  9. ^ "Construction Work to be Started on Stockton Street Tunnel". San Francisco Call. Vol. 112, no. 1. 1 June 1912. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  10. ^ "Taking Earth From Stockton Street Bore". San Francisco Call. Vol. 114, no. 32. 2 July 1913. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  11. ^ "Guests are Kept Awake". San Francisco Call. Vol. 114, no. 61. 31 July 1913. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  12. ^ "One Killed by Cave-in". Los Angeles Herald. 3 January 1914. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  13. ^ a b King, John (December 21, 2014). "Cityscape: How the Stockton Tunnel made a basement shine". San Francisco Chronicle.
  14. ^ Tilton, E. G. (February 3, 1915). "Method of Constructing Rock Tunnel of 50-Ft. Clear Width, Stockton St., San Francisco". Engineering & Contracting. XLIII (5). Chicago: The Myron C. Clark Publishing Co.: 93–96. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
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