Symphonic organ
The symphonic organ is a style of pipe organ that flourished during the first three decades of the 20th century in town halls and other secular public venues, particularly in the United States and the United Kingdom. It is a variation of the classical pipe organ – expanded with many pipes imitative of orchestral instruments, and with capabilities for seamlessly increasing and decreasing volume. These expansions are intended to facilitate the expressive performance of Romantic music and orchestral transcriptions. (These are classical orchestral works re-scored for a solo organist, a popular practice before technology allowed orchestras to be widely recorded and broadcast.) The symphonic organ has seen a revival in the US, Europe and Japan, particularly since the 1980s.[1][2]
The leading builders of symphonic organs were Henry Willis & Sons in the UK and Ernest M. Skinner in the US, following the pioneering 19th-century work of Eberhard Friedrich Walcker in Germany and Aristide Cavaillé-Coll in France, and inspiring the organ music of such figures as Edward Elgar, Edwin Lemare, Franz Liszt, and César Franck, respectively.[3][4][5] The largest example is the Wanamaker Organ, installed in Philadelphia in 1911 after having been exhibited at the St. Louis World's Fair, and then greatly expanded over two decades. It currently has six manuals, ten divisions, 463 ranks, and 28,677 pipes, all powered by 36 regulators and fans totaling 168 hp.[6] Other important examples around Philadelphia are the Skinner organ at Girard College Chapel,[7] the Curtis Organ at Irvine Auditorium (University of Pennsylvania),[8] and the Aeolian Company organ at nearby Longwood Gardens.[9] In New Haven, Connecticut, three organbuilders assembled one of the world's largest and finest symphonic organs for Yale University in Woolsey Hall (Newberry Memorial Organ).[10]
Another excellent example of a symphonic organ can be seen and heard at the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The magnificent Opus 1206 by Austin Organs, with 81 ranks and 5261 pipes, was first played on February 12, 1925. Its first Civic Organist was the world-renowned Edwin Lemare. Led by the Chattanooga Music Club, the citizens of Chattanooga began the organ's restoration in 1987, and 20 years later, on July 2, 2007, it was re-dedicated at a concert performed by Wanamaker organist Peter Richard Conte.[11] Municipal symphonic organs are still in prominent use in San Diego, California (Spreckels Organ Pavilion)[12] and in Portland, Maine (Kotzschmar Memorial Organ).[13]
References
- ^ Whitney, Craig R., All the Stops: The Glorious Pipe Organ and Its American Masters, PublicAffairs, 2004.
- ^ Bethards, Jack M., A Brief for the Symphonic Organ, Journal of the British Institute of Organ Studies, 2002.
- ^ Sumner, W. L., Father Henry Willis, Organ Builder, and His Successors, Musical Opinion, 1955.
- ^ Gerber, James, Ernest M. Skinner and the American Symphonic Organ, Arizona State University, 2012.
- ^ Douglass, Fenner, Cavaillé-Coll and the French Romantic Tradition, Yale University Press, 1999.
- ^ The Stoplist, Friends of the Wanamaker Organ, retrieved April 25, 2015.
- ^ Ambrosino, Jonathan, The Girard College Recordings: About the Organ and the Chapel, Organ Arts, retrieved April 25, 2015.
- ^ Davis, Heather A., Piping Up for the Curtis Organ, Penn Current, May 13, 2004.
- ^ The Longwood Organ, Longwood Gardens, retrieved April 25, 2015.
- ^ Weiss, Anthony, The Behemoth of Woolsey Hall, Yale Alumni Magazine, July–August 2009.
- ^ Austin Pipe Organ, Chattanooga Music Club, retrieved April 25, 2015.
- ^ Amero, Richard, The Spreckels Organ Pavilion in Balboa Park, San Diego History Center, retrieved April 25, 2015.
- ^ Parkinson-Tucker, Janice, Behind the Pipes: The Story of the Kotzschmar Organ, Casco House, 2005.