Sárkány (mythology)

A sárkány ("dragon") is a legendary monster found in Hungarian mythology. It usually appears as a scaly, winged, reptilian beast, but in some cases it could be a mixture of other beings.

Early appearances

Dragons were part of Hungarian culture prior to the 18th century. According to their oldest, universal function, dragons symbolized the unity of the material and spiritual worlds.^[1] They were later associated with natural phenomena. They either made or appeased the violent forces of nature. ^[2] They brought rainstorms and tornados. The rumble of the thunder was the roaring of dragons battling above the clouds, striking the clouds with their tails with crash in the heat of the fight and, as a consequence, causing floods of rain pouring over the Hungarian fields.^[3]

Characteristics

Though legends offer scant information about the characteristics of the ancient dragons, in some regions it was an accepted that they were born through a transformational process of another being. In the region of Csallóköz, for example, it was thought that dragons were created from an old pike or a 7 or 13-year-old rooster. As the tales tell, when a pike is laying in the mud for several months, it changed into a dragon. In the rooster's case, a dragon is born when the bird hides around the house for too long;. As a dragon, it can be only lured out by the so-called Garabonciás, a human with magical qualities, who later uses the beast as a mount.^[4]

In other regions, the belief was that dragons can be born from other dragon. The female, after being pregnant for seven years, suckles her son for another seven years.^[5] Dragons usually appear in two forms: the first is the rideable, tyrant mount of the Garabonciás, and the other is the serpent-like creature with several fins, long claws and teeth. Their scales can vary between all the colours of the rainbow, and they are so strong that almost no weapon can hurt their skin. They usually live inside hollow trunks, dens, or in the abandoned caves in the mountains.

Dragons in Hungarian literature

In earlier tales, dragon had no treasure-hoarding characteristics. Later, they became hoarders of gold and gems. This version of the dragon slithered onto the pages of children's literature of the 19th and early 20th centuries, where they appeared often. they generally appeared as aggressive beasts of prey.

In these stories, they are always the villain, whose role is setting the story in motion. They abduct humans, young maidens, especially, and disturb the peaceful village and its inhabitants. The role of the hero is simple: by defeating the creature, he not only save the princess, but gains reputation and prestige. ^[6]

Dragons are usually antrophomorphic, aggressive beings, who have human-like characteristics: although they are the villains of the stories, they frequently sing and dance, nor do they say no to wine. This image can be found in stories of the most well-known Hungarian authors, such as Elek Benedek, Gyula Illyés, or Arnold Ipolyi. In the János Diák, the dragon "sniffles with its nose", or in the Hajnal ("Dawn"), it is mentioned that dragons live in "Dragonland" (Sárkányország), where the hero needs to travel in order to save the kidnapped maiden.^[7] In Gyula Illyés's storybook, Hetvenhét Magyar Népmese (Seventy-seven Hungarian Folktales), the talking and cunning dragons are usually killed by a young, courageous boy, who symbolically steps into adulthood as he kills the beast.^[8] In these tales dragons can have many heads, often a multiples of three or seven (six, nine, twelve or twenty-four), numbers which indicates that importance of numerology in Hungarian folklore.

As the 20th century came to a close, another version of dragons has transpired in postmodern Hungarian literature: the image of the violent beast transformed into a wise and emotional being. Ervin Lázár's Hétfejű Tündér introduces the readers a tale of a boy, whose sickness can only be cured by killing the seven-headed dragon. When the boy realizes what an outstanding and beautiful being the dragon is, he cannot perform the task.^[9] Besides, perhaps the most well-known instance for the image of the new Hungarian dragon is Süsü, created by István Csukás, who was a prominent figure in the lives of Hungarian children. Not only is he a sensitive character, but also an exceptional dragon among his own kind as he has only one head, which leads him to his outcast status. Csukás focused on the sensitive, emotional representation of the dragon, where the children effortlessly can identify with the magical beast.^[10]

From a psychological point of view, the delicate beast in the fairy tales helps the children facing their inner "monsters", where the dragon offers a solution, or a help for the bigger, scarier problems that the child has to face with in the foreseeable future. ^[11]

References

^ Pál, Edit (2001). Szimbólumtár: Jelképek, motívumok témák az egyetemes és a magyar kultúrából (in Hungarian). Balassi Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-05-1288-6.
^ Ortutay, Gyula (1977). Magyar Néprajzi Lexikon (in Hungarian). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-506-451-9.
^ Pivárcsi, István (2008). Székelyföldi Legendárium (in Hungarian). Új Palatinus Könyvesház. ISBN 978-963-274-016-4.
^ Csaplár, Benedek (1851). "Csallóközi, Különösen Dunaszerdahely - Táji Népszokások". Népismereti Adalékok (in Hungarian). 1. (2).
^ Ortutay, Gyula (1977). Magyar Néprajzi Lexikon (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-05-1288-6.
^ Propp, Vlagyimir (1977). A Mese Morfológiája (in Hungarian). Osiris Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-379-461-6.
^ Elek, Benedek (1989). Magyar mese-és mondavilág I-III (in Hungarian). Budapest: Móra Ferenc Ifjúsági Könyvkiadó. ISBN 978-963-9320-27-7.
^ Illyés, Gyula (1977). Hetvenhét Magyar Népmese (in Hungarian). Budapest: Móra Ferenc Könyvkiadó. ISBN 978-963-11-2916-8.
^ Lázár, Ervin (1973). Hétfejű Tündér (in Hungarian). Budapest: Madách Könyvkiadó. ISBN 978-963-389-630-3.
^ Csukás, István (1985). Süsü, a sárkány (in Hungarian). Budapest: RTV Minerva. ISBN 978-963-7911-95-8.
^ Kádár, Annamária (2014). Mesepszichológia (in Hungarian). Budapest: Kulcslyuk Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-89419-6-1.

[Pal-1] Pál, Edit (2001). Szimbólumtár: Jelképek, motívumok témák az egyetemes és a magyar kultúrából (in Hungarian). Balassi Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-05-1288-6.

[Ortutay-2] Ortutay, Gyula (1977). Magyar Néprajzi Lexikon (in Hungarian). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-506-451-9.

[Pivarsi-3] Pivárcsi, István (2008). Székelyföldi Legendárium (in Hungarian). Új Palatinus Könyvesház. ISBN 978-963-274-016-4.

[Csaplar-4] Csaplár, Benedek (1851). "Csallóközi, Különösen Dunaszerdahely - Táji Népszokások". Népismereti Adalékok (in Hungarian). 1. (2).

[Pivarcsi-5] Ortutay, Gyula (1977). Magyar Néprajzi Lexikon (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-05-1288-6.

[Propp-6] Propp, Vlagyimir (1977). A Mese Morfológiája (in Hungarian). Osiris Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-379-461-6.

[Elek-7] Elek, Benedek (1989). Magyar mese-és mondavilág I-III (in Hungarian). Budapest: Móra Ferenc Ifjúsági Könyvkiadó. ISBN 978-963-9320-27-7.

[Illyes-8] Illyés, Gyula (1977). Hetvenhét Magyar Népmese (in Hungarian). Budapest: Móra Ferenc Könyvkiadó. ISBN 978-963-11-2916-8.

[Lazar-9] Lázár, Ervin (1973). Hétfejű Tündér (in Hungarian). Budapest: Madách Könyvkiadó. ISBN 978-963-389-630-3.

[Csukas-10] Csukás, István (1985). Süsü, a sárkány (in Hungarian). Budapest: RTV Minerva. ISBN 978-963-7911-95-8.

[Kadar-11] Kádár, Annamária (2014). Mesepszichológia (in Hungarian). Budapest: Kulcslyuk Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-89419-6-1.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]