Task Force 1-41 Infantry

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Task Force 1-41 Infantry was a U.S. Army heavy battalion task force which took part in the Gulf War of January – March 1991. Task Force 1-41 Infantry was the first coalition force to breach the Saudi Arabian border on 15 February 1991 and conduct ground combat operations in Iraq engaging in direct and indirect fire fights with the enemy on 17 February 1991.[1] It was the spearhead of VII Corps.[2] It consisted primarily of the 1st Battalion, 41st Infantry Regiment, 3rd Battalion, 66th Armor Regiment, and the 4th Battalion, 3rd Field Artillery Regiment all being part of the 2nd Armored Division (Forward), based at Lucius D. Clay Kaserne, 24 kilometres (15 mi) north of Bremen, in the Federal Republic of Germany.[3][4] Task Force 1-41 was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel James L. Hillman.[5]

Soldiers of 2nd Platoon, Company C, 1st Battalion, 41st Infantry Regiment pose with a captured Iraqi tank during the 1st Gulf War, February 1991.
An Iraqi Republican Guard tank destroyed by Task Force 1-41 Infantry during the 1st Gulf War, February 1991.
Iraqi tanks destroyed by Task Force 1-41 Infantry during the 1st Gulf War, February 1991.
An Iraqi defensive position in Task Force 1-41 Infantry's sector of operations during the Battle of 73 Easting. The top of destroyed Iraqi tanks are visible as they sit in defensive entrenchments. More destroyed Iraqi armor sits in the distant background.

Organization

The 2nd Armored Division (Forward) arrived in Saudi Arabia in early January 1991, with 1-41 Infantry arriving on 8 January. After arrival in Saudi Arabia, 1st Battalion, 41st Infantry, was task organized (effectively merged in parts) with 3rd Battalion, 66th Armor Regiment.[6] This 'task organization', routine before combat, was designed to ensure that infantry and armour were present in balanced organizations so that they could provide mutual support. The task force's higher headquarters, 3rd Brigade, 2nd Armored Division, was itself attached to the 1st Infantry Division (Mechanized) to make up for a missing brigade of that division.[7] The brigade became known as Task Force Iron.[8] It would become the spearhead of VII Corps.

The 1st Battalion, 41st Infantry Regiment was equipped with M2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicles and formed part of the 2nd Armored Division (Forward). The other combat battalions of the brigade were the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 66th Armor Regiment (equipped with M1A1 Abrams tanks) and the 4th Battalion of the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment (equipped with M109 howitzers).[9] During exercises the battalion regularly exchanged combat elements with the other combat units in the division, with B company of 3-66 Armor being frequently attached to 1-41 Infantry.[10]

After receiving their equipment and moving to a forward area near the border with Iraq, 1-41 Infantry and 3-66 Armor exchanged companies on 31 January to task organize for combat; A and D companies of 1-41 Infantry were attached to 3-66 Armor, and the infantry battalion received A and B companies of 3-66 Armor.[11] Task Force 1-41 also comprised two companies of engineers, a platoon from the 2nd Battalion, 3rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment and a fire support element from the 4-3 FA.[1] While technically not part of the Task Force, ten U.S. Army Special Forces ODAs performed reconnaissance operations for the Task Force and other elements of VII Corps.[12] 4-3 FA relied on its Field Artillery Advance Party Teams to perform its reconnaissance operations.[13]

Destroyed Iraqi tanks burning at the Battle of Norfolk, February 1991.
4th Battalion of the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment, 2nd Armored Division(FWD) conducts artillery strikes on Iraqi positions during the 1st Gulf War. 4-3 FA was the primary fire support battalion for Task Force 1-41 during the 1st Gulf War, February 1991.

Counter Reconnaissance Operations

Shortly after arrival in theatre the Task Force also received a counter reconnaissance mission.[5] This generally includes destroying or repelling the Iraqi's reconnaissance elements and denying their commander any observation of friendly forces. 1-41 Infantry was assisted by the 1st Squadron, 4th Armored Cavalry Regiment. This joint effort would become known as Task Force Iron.[14] On 15 February 1991 4th Battalion of the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment, fired on a trailer and a few trucks in the Iraqi sector that was observing American forces.[15] On 16 February 1991 several groups of Iraqi vehicles appeared to be performing reconnaissance on the Task Force and were driven away by fire from 4-3 FA.[16] That same evening an Iraqi platoon, including six vehicles, was reported as being to the northeast of the Task Force. They were engaged with artillery fire from 4-3 FA.[17] Later that evening another group of Iraqi vehicles was spotted moving towards the center of the Task Force. The vehicles appeared to be Iraqi Soviet made BTRs and tanks. For the next hour the Task Force would fight several small battles with Iraqi reconnaissance units. Task Force 1-41 Infantry fired TOW missiles at the Iraqi formation destroying one tank. The rest of the formation was destroyed or driven away by artillery fire from 4-3 FA.[18] On 17 February 1991 the Task Force took enemy mortar fire, and the Iraqi forces managed to escape.[19] Later that evening the Task Force received enemy artillery fire but suffered no casualties.[20]

Breaching Operations

Task Force 1-41 Infantry was the first coalition force to breach the Saudi Arabian border on 15 February 1991 and conduct ground combat operations in Iraq engaging in direct and indirect fire fights with the enemy on 17 February 1991.[21] Prior to this action the Task Force's primary fire support battalion 4th Battalion of the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment participated in a massive artillery preparation. Over 14,000 rounds would be fired during these missions. M270 Multiple Launch Rocket Systems contributed an additional 4,900 rockets fired at Iraqi targets.[22] Iraq lost close to 22 artillery battalions during the initial stages of this barrage.[23] This would include the destruction of approximately 396 Iraqi artillery pieces.[24] By the end of these raids Iraqi artillery assets had all but ceased to exist. One Iraqi unit that was totally destroyed during the preparation was the Iraqi 48th Infantry Division Artillery Group.[25] The group's commander stated his unit lost 83 of its 100 guns to the artillery preparation.[26] This artillery prep was supplemented by air attacks by B-52 bombers and AC-130 cargo aircraft.[27]

Once in Iraqi territory the Task Force encountered multiple Iraqi defensive positions and bunkers. Task Force 1-41 Infantry was given the task of breaching these defensive positions along with the 1st Squadron, 4th Armored Cavalry Regiment.[28] These defensive positions were occupied by a brigade sized element.[1] TF 1-41 IN elements dismounted and prepared to engage the enemy soldiers which occupied these well prepared and heavily fortified bunkers.[1] The Task Force would find itself engaged in six hours of combat in order to clear the extensive bunker complex.[1] The Iraqis would engage the Task Force with small arms fire, RPGs, mortar fire, and what was left of Iraqi artillery assets. A series of battles would unfold which resulted in heavy Iraqi casualties and the Iraqis being removed from their defensive positions with many becoming prisoners of war. Some would escape to be killed or captured by other coalition forces.[29] In the process of clearing the bunkers Task Force 1-41 would capture two brigade command posts and the command post of the Iraqi 26th Infantry Division.[30] The Task Force also captured a brigade commander, several battalion commanders, company commanders, and staff officers.[31] As combat operations progressed Task Force 1-41 Infantry engaged at short range multiple dug in enemy tanks in ambush positions.[1] For a few hours, bypassed Iraqi RPG equipped anti-tank teams, T-55 tanks, and dismounted Iraqi infantry fired at passing American vehicles, only to be destroyed by other US tanks and fighting vehicles following the initial forces.[32]

A M109A2 self-propelled howitzer, belonging to 4-3 FA Battalion, prepares to move into position to engage Iraqi forces, February 1991. 4-3 FA Battalion conducted numerous fire missions and artillery raids during the conflict.

1st Gulf War Combat History

The Task Force served at the Battle of 73 Easting with the 1st Infantry Division (Mechanized) along with the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment. They were responsible for destroying the Iraqi 18th Mechanized and 9th Armored Brigades of the Republican Guard Tawakalna Mechanized Infantry Division and the Iraqi 26th Infantry Division. The Tawakalna Republican Guard Division was Iraq's most powerful division which included approximately 220 T-72 tanks and 278 infantry fighting vehicles.[33] On the eve of 26–27 February 1991 the Task Force played a key role in the destruction of the Iraqi 12th Armored Division. Some 40 Iraqi tanks were destroyed and a similar number of other combat vehicles.[34] In moving to and through the Battle of 73 Easting, 2nd ACR and the 1st Infantry division's lead brigades, which included Task Force 1-41, destroyed 160 tanks, 180 personnel carriers, 12 artillery pieces and more than 80 wheeled vehicles, along with several anti-aircraft artillery systems during the battle.[35] On 27 February 1991 the Task Force, while assigned as part of the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Infantry Division, had a hand in destroying 60 Iraqi tanks and 35 infantry vehicles along the Iraq Pipeline to Saudi Arabia (IPSA).[36] The Task Force also captured hundreds of Iraqi soldiers.[1] The Task Force was assisted by the British 1st Armoured Division and the 1st Squadron, 4th Armored Cavalry Regiment during this engagement. This became known as the Battle of Norfolk. By the end of combat operations American and British forces destroyed approximately 750 Iraqi tanks and hundreds of other types of combat vehicles.[37][38][39] The Battle of Norfolk has been recognized by some sources as the second largest tank battle in American history and the largest tank battle of the 1st Gulf War.[40] Before the end of combat operations the Task Force would engage a total of 11 Iraqi divisions. The Task Force suffered 38 casualties and around a dozen combat vehicles were destroyed, including five M1A1 Abrams tanks, during combat operations.[41][42] Task Force 1-41 Infantry was involved in the worst US "friendly fire" incident of the Gulf War on 27 February 1991.[43] The Task Force would travel over 124 miles (200 km) in 72 hours during Operation Desert Storm.[44] Task Force 1-41 earned a Valorous Unit Award for its efforts.[45] The Valorous Unit Award is the second highest unit decoration which may be bestowed upon a U.S. Army unit.

Task Force 1-41 Infantry destroyed multiple Iraqi tanks in defensive entrenchments.
Iraqi soldiers surrender to Task Force 1-41 Infantry.
M270 Multiple Launch Rocket Systems attack Iraqi positions at the Battle of Norfolk during the 1st Gulf War, February 1991.

Task Force Units

  • HHC, 1st Battalion, 41st Infantry
  • Company B, 1st Battalion, 41st Infantry
  • Company C, 1st Battalion, 41st Infantry
  • Company A, 3rd Battalion, 66th Armor
  • Company B, 3rd Battalion, 66th Armor
  • Company D, 317th Engineer Battalion
  • Company D, 9th Engineer Battalion
  • 3d Platoon, Battery C, 2d Battalion, 3d Air Defense Artillery
  • Two Ground Support Radar sections
  • Fire Support Element, 4th Battalion, 3d Field Artillery
  • System Support Team, 498th Support Battalion

Sources: Hillman 1993, pp. 5–6, Dinackus 2000, p. 4A8, and US Army Center of Military History DA GO 1991-20.

Valorous Unit Award Citation

For extraordinary heroism in action against an armed enemy. Task Force 1-41 was the first coalition force to breach the Saudi Arabian border on 15 February 1991 and conduct ground combat operations in Iraq engaging in direct and indirect fire fights with the enemy on 17 February 1991. The Task Force was part of the VII Corps main attack beginning 24 February 1991 as it conducted a forward passage through 1st Infantry Division elements and began a mission to clear a zone which again resulted in enemy contact. On 26 February, following a 60 kilometer road march, the Task Force immediately engaged in ground combat with armored and dismounted enemy of brigade size. For six hours it was involved in continuous combat with a tenacious and determined enemy occupying extremely well prepared and heavily fortified bunkers. Task Force infantry elements dismounted and engaged the enemy in numerous short range fire fights while methodically clearing the extensive bunker complex. By morning the Task Force had systematically reduced the entrenched enemy positions in zone. Continuing as part of the VII Corps attack the Task Force travelled 85 kilometers in less than 24 hours while engaging at short range multiple, dug in enemy tanks in ambush positions. The Task Force reached its final objective 28 February 1991 with a push which continued the destruction of enemy armored vehicles. During the entire ground campaign, involving their attack through Iraq into Kuwait, Task Force 1-41 travelled over 200 Kilometers in 72 hours and destroyed 65 armored vehicles and 10 artillery pieces, while capturing over 300 enemy prisoners.[1]

Iraq War Combat History

1-41 Infantry was tasked to clear the city of Samawah of Iraqi forces during the Iraq war from March 30 - April 4, 2003. 1-41 Infantry fought alongside of elements from the 82nd Airborne Division and the 1st Armored Division during this combat operation. This became known as the Battle of Samawah (2003). By April 4, resistance had ceased and the city was declared cleared.[46] 1-41 Infantry would be awarded a Presidential Unit Citation for its performance during combat operations.

Operation Enduring Freedom

From September 2011 to July/August of 2012, 1-41 Infantry deployed to Logar, Afghanistan under 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division

In 2014, 1-41 Infantry was serving with the International Security Assistance Force's Train Assist Advise Command North in northern Afghanistan.[47]

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h VUA Citation.
  2. ^ VUA Citation
  3. ^ The Road to Safwan: The 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry in the 1991 Persian Gulf War
  4. ^ VUA Citation
  5. ^ a b Hillman 1993, p. 6.
  6. ^ Hillman P. 5-6
  7. ^ Dinackus P.4–10
  8. ^ Hillman P. 6
  9. ^ Hillman 1993, p. 4.
  10. ^ Hillman 1993, pp. 4–6.
  11. ^ Hillman 1993, pp. 5–6.
  12. ^ Alpha 525 Gulf War incident.
  13. ^ FM 6-50 Chapter 2
  14. ^ Bourque and Burdan p.95
  15. ^ The Road to Safwan: The 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry in the 1991 Persian Gulf War by Bourque P.96
  16. ^ The Road to Safwan: The 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry in the 1991 Persian Gulf War by Bourque P.98
  17. ^ The Road to Safwan: The 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry in the 1991 Persian Gulf War by Bourque P.99
  18. ^ The Road to Safwan: The 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry in the 1991 Persian Gulf War by Bourque P. 99
  19. ^ The Road to Safwan: The 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry in the 1991 Persian Gulf War by Bourque P.102
  20. ^ The Road to Safwan: The 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry in the 1991 Persian Gulf War by Bourque P.103
  21. ^ VUA Citation
  22. ^ Jayhawk! The 7th Corps in the Persian Gulf War by Bourque P.164
  23. ^ Jayhawk! The 7th Corps in the Persian Gulf War by Bourque P.161
  24. ^ Jayhawk! The 7th Corps in the Persian Gulf War by Bourque P.161
  25. ^ https://armyhistory.org/the-gulf-war-and-european-artillery/
  26. ^ https://armyhistory.org/the-gulf-war-and-european-artillery/
  27. ^ Jayhawk! The 7th Corps in the Persian Gulf War by Bourque pp.163
  28. ^ VUA
  29. ^ Jayhawk! The 7th Corps in the Persian Gulf War by pp.113–133
  30. ^ Jayhawk! The 7th Corps in the Persian Gulf War by Bourque P.259
  31. ^ Jayhawk! The 7th Corps in the Persian Gulf War by Bourque P.259
  32. ^ http://usdefensewatch.com/2015/04/correcting-myths-about-the-persian-gulf-war-the-last-stand-of-the-tawakalna/
  33. ^ http://usdefensewatch.com/2015/04/correcting-myths-about-the-persian-gulf-war-the-last-stand-of-the-tawakalna/
  34. ^ Westwell 2001, p. 88.
  35. ^ Houlahan 1999, p. 332.
  36. ^ Zaloga 2009, p. 64.
  37. ^ Westwell, p. 88
  38. ^ Bourque, p.275
  39. ^ Bourque, p.377
  40. ^ http://www.wearethemighty.com/articles/6-massive-tank-battles-from-us-history
  41. ^ http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/du_ii/du_ii_tabh.htm
  42. ^ Guardia p.71
  43. ^ Burns
  44. ^ VUA Citation
  45. ^ VUA Citation
  46. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/
  47. ^ http://www.understandingwar.org

Works consulted

  • "Alpha 525 Gulf War Incident". Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  • Department of the Army General Order 1991-20 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: US Army Center of Military History. 1991. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  • "Desert Storm/Shield Valorous Unit Award Citations". Washington, D.C.: US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  • Bourque, Stephen A. (2001). Jayhawk! The 7th Corps in the Persian Gulf War. Washington, D.C.: US Army Center of Military History. LCCN 2001028533. OCLC 51313637. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Bourque, Stephen A.; Burdan, John (2007). The Road to Safwan: The 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry in the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574412321.
  • Burns, Robert (12 November 1991). "Worst Friendly Fire Case Tied to Thermal Sights of Tanks". AP News Archive. Associated Press. Retrieved 26 December 2014. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Dinackus, Thomas D. (2000). Order of Battle: Allied Ground Forces of Operation Desert Storm. Central Point, Oregon: Hellgate Press. ISBN 1-55571-493-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hillman, James L. (1993). "Task Force 1-41 Infantry: The Fratricide Experience in Southwest Asia" (PDF). Carlisle Barracks, PA: US Army War College. OCLC 28169776. Retrieved 26 December 2014. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Houlahan, Thomas (1999). Gulf War: The Complete History. New London, NH: Schrenker Military Publishing. ISBN 9780966845600. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Scales, Robert H. (1993). Certain Victory: The U.S. Army in the Gulf War (PDF). Fort Leavenworth: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Press. OCLC 78302979. Retrieved 26 December 2014. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Westwell, Ian (2001). 1st Infantry Division 'Big Red One'. Spearhead #6. Hersham, Surrey: Ian Allen. ISBN 9780711029231. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Zaloga, Steven J. (2009). M1 Abrams vs T-72 Ural: Operation Desert Storm 1991. Oxford, NY: Osprey. ISBN 9781846034077. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/6-50/Ch2.htm
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