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Taylor Creek (Lake Tahoe)

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Taylor Creek is a 2.2-mile-long (3.5 km)[1] northward-flowing stream originating in the Fallen Leaf Lake and culminating at Baldwin Beach at Lake Tahoe, about 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Camp Richardson in El Dorado County, California.

History

To the Washoe people, Taylor Creek was known as Dawgašašíwa[2] It was a significant Washoe Indian camping and fishing site. Taylor Creek is probably named for Elijah W. Taylor, who homesteaded 160 acres near the creek in 1864.[3]

Watershed and course

Taylor Creek is the only outflow for Fallen Leaf Lake, and begins at a spillway on the Fallen Leaf Lake dam on the north side of the lake. From here it winds its way northwards, entering the Tallac & Taylor Creek wetland before entering Lake Tahoe.

Habitat and wildlife

Taylor and Tallack Creeks form an important wetland complex separate from Lake Tahoe by Baldwin Beach. Historically, these two wetland complexes provided approximately 400 acres of wetland and meadow habitat. The valley between Taylor and Tallac creeks is dissected by a series of east-west historic lagoons (or swales) that created wetland habitat for a variety of native animal and plant species. From historic aerial photos, it appears that these swales may have hydrologically connected Taylor and Tallac creeks and follow topographic features such as historic beaches/lake levels. In addition to man-made alterations, such as an access road that runs north-south in the middle of the wetland, the influx of aquatic invasive species, such as Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum), bull frogs and warm-water fishes have invaded both Tallac and Taylor creeks, which now compete with native species such as Lahontan tui chub (Gila bicolor pectinifer), Lahontan redside shiner (Richardsonius egregius), Tahoe sucker (Catostomus tahoensis) and Tahoe yellowcress (Rorippa subumbellata).[4] The wetland is also historic habitat for Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog, as well as Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi), a threatened species listed on the Endangered Species Act.[5]

Lahontan cutthroat trout (LCT) is the only trout species native to Fallen Leaf Lake, Lake Tahoe and the Truckee River Basin but were extirpated by introduction of predatory non-native lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), other competing non-native salmonids, and overfishing. Re-introduction into Fallen Leaf Lake of the Pilot Peak strain of Lahontan cutthroat trout (LCT), established as the LCT strain native to the watershed, began in 2006.[6]

Each autumn, from late September through mid-October, mature kokanee salmon (Oncorhyncus nerka), transform from silver-blue color to a fiery vermilion, and run up Taylor Creek, near South Lake Tahoe. As spawning season approaches the fish acquire a humpback and protuberant jaw. After spawning they die and their carcasses provide a feast for gatherings of mink (Neovison vison), black bears (Ursus americanus), and bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). These non-native salmon were translocated from the North Pacific to Lake Tahoe in 1944, and Taylor Creek is their primary spawning stream in the Tahoe basin.[7] Kokanee appear to compete for forage with the recently established threatened Lahontan cutthroat trout in Fallen Leaf Lake.[8]

All of the beaver dams in Taylor Creek, which flows from Fallen Leaf Lake to Lake Tahoe, are destroyed annually each fall by the U. S. Forest Service in order for Kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to spawn. A recent study of Taylor Creek showed that the beaver dam removal decreased wetland habitat, increased stream flow, and increased total phosphorus pollutants entering Lake Tahoe - all factors which negatively impact the clarity of the lake's water.[9] In addition, beaver dams located in Ward Creek, located on the west shore of Lake Tahoe, were also shown to decrease nutrients and sediments traveling downstream.[9] Recently novel physical evidence has demonstrated that beaver were native to the Sierra until at least the mid-nineteenth century, via radiocarbon dating of buried beaver dam wood uncovered by deep channel incision in the Feather River watershed.[10] That report was supported by a summary of indirect evidence of beaver including reliable observer accounts of beaver in multiple watersheds from the northern to the southern Sierra Nevada, including its eastern slope.[11] Deep water created by beaver dams may provide critical refugia from winter ice for native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki).[12][13] Importantly a 2013 study showed that cutthroat trout move easily across beaver dams in both directions.[14]

  • Beaver dam and pond on Taylor Creek taken Sept. 23, 2012.
    Beaver dam and pond on Taylor Creek taken Sept. 23, 2012.
  • Beaver dam removed in anticipation of Kokanee salmon run by Forest Service on Sept. 28, 2012.
    Beaver dam removed in anticipation of Kokanee salmon run by Forest Service on Sept. 28, 2012.
  • Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), the same species as Kokanee salmon, jumping 5 feet (1.5 m) beaver dam in Alaska.
    Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), the same species as Kokanee salmon, jumping 5 feet (1.5 m) beaver dam in Alaska.
  • North American beaver (Castor canadensis) dam re-built at same site on Taylor Creek, tributary to Lake Tahoe, in winter Nov. 25, 2013.
    North American beaver (Castor canadensis) dam re-built at same site on Taylor Creek, tributary to Lake Tahoe, in winter Nov. 25, 2013.
  • Beaver dams provide critical deep water refugia for native cutthroat trout beneath winter ice Dec. 11, 2013.
    Beaver dams provide critical deep water refugia for native cutthroat trout beneath winter ice Dec. 11, 2013.
  • Beaver dam site after removal by US Forest Service on Dec. 12, 2013.
    Beaver dam site after removal by US Forest Service on Dec. 12, 2013.

Recreation

From Memorial Day weekend through October, the Stream Profile Chamber at the Taylor Creek Visitor Center is an opportunity to see the trout and Kokanee salmon of Lake Tahoe up close.[15] It is located on Highway 89 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Camp Richardson on the south shore of Lake Tahoe.

See also

References

  1. ^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed September 30, 2012
  2. ^ "The Washo Project". University of Chicago. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
  3. ^ Barbara Lekisch (1988). Tahoe Place Names: The Origin and History of Names in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Great West Books. p. 135. ISBN 9780944220016. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
  4. ^ Taylor-Tallac Restoration Project (PDF) (Report). U. S. Forest Service. 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
  5. ^ Taylor-Tallac Restoration Project (PDF) (Report). U. S. Forest Servic. 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
  6. ^ "Population Genetic Structure in Lahontan Cutthroat Trout" (PDF). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 131: 376–388. 2002. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0376:pgsilc>2.0.co;2. Retrieved 2013-01-27. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Marcia Williamson (Oct 1992). "Tahoe's drama of the kokanee". Sunset Magazine. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
  8. ^ "Evaluating the Reintroduction Potential of Lahontan Cutthroat Trout in Fallen Leaf Lake, California" (PDF). North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 29: 1296–1313. 2009. doi:10.1577/m08-087.1. Retrieved 2013-01-27. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  9. ^ a b Sarah Muskopf (October 2007). The Effect of Beaver (Castor canadensis) Dam Removal on Total Phosphorus Concentration in Taylor Creek and Wetland, South Lake Tahoe, California (Thesis). Humboldt State University, Natural Resources. Retrieved 2012-09-39. {{cite thesis}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  10. ^ "Novel physical evidence that beaver historically were native to the Sierra Nevada". California Fish and Game. 98 (2): 129–132. Spring 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  11. ^ "The historical range of beaver in the Sierra Nevada: a review of the evidence". California Fish and Game. 98 (2): 65–80. Spring 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Cunjak, R. A. (1996). "Winter habitat of selected stream fishes and potential impacts from land-use activity". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 53(Supplement 1): 267–282. doi:10.1139/f95-275.
  13. ^ "Ice processes affect habitat use and movements of adult Cutthroat Trout and Brook Trout in a Wyoming foothills stream". North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 24: 1341–1352. 2004. doi:10.1577/m03-223.1. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  14. ^ "Do Beaver Dams Impede the Movement of Trout?". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 142 (4): 1114–1125. 2013. doi:10.1080/00028487.2013.797497. Retrieved 2013-12-28. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  15. ^ "Taylor Creek Visitor Center". United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
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