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Tell Agrab

Coordinates: 33°20′20″N 44°52′28″E / 33.33889°N 44.87444°E / 33.33889; 44.87444
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Tell Agrab
Tell Agrab is located in Iraq
Tell Agrab
Shown within Iraq
LocationDiyala Governorate, Iraq
Coordinates33°20′20″N 44°52′28″E / 33.33889°N 44.87444°E / 33.33889; 44.87444
Typesettlement
History
Founded3rd millennium BC
PeriodsBronze Age
CulturesJemdet Nasr, Early Dynastic, Akkadian, Larsa
Site notes
Excavation dates1936-1937
ArchaeologistsSeton Lloyd
ConditionRuined
OwnershipPublic
Public accessYes

Tell Agrab (or Aqrab) is a tell or settlement mound 12.6 miles (20.3 km) southeast of Eshnunna in the Diyala region of Iraq. It is about 15 miles southeast of Tell Asmar, ancient Eshnunna. It has been suggested that the ancient name of the site was PA.GAR.[1]

History

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Stamp seal with Striding Figure Holding Batons, Drill Technique, Tell Agrab. Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago

Tell Agrab was occupied during the Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic periods through the Akkadian and Larsa periods. It was during the Early Dynastic period that monumental building occurred, including the Shara Temple. There is no evidence that it was occupied after the end of the third millennium BC.[2]

Archaeology

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Tell Agrab is located east of ancient Eshnunna

The site of Tell Agrab is encompassed by a 500 by 600 metres (1,600 by 2,000 ft) rectangle with a height of around 12 metres (39 ft). It was surrounded by a fortification wall made of plano-convex bricks and with defensive towers every 19 meters.[3] Though it had been subject to illegal digging earlier with materials from there appearing with Baghdad antiquities dealers, the site was officially excavated between 1935 and 1937 by a team from the Oriental Institute of Chicago which was also working at Eshnunna, Khafajah and Tell Ishchali during that time. The dig was led by Seton Lloyd.[2][4]

The primary excavation effort was on the large Early Dynastic temple consisting of a main sanctuary with altar and offering table and two smaller subsidiary sanctuaries on the same plan The temple was believed by the excavators to be dedicated to Shara based on a stone bowl fragment inscription "To Shara has Anunu, foreman of (yeo)men, presented (this) as a gift.". However, subsequent research suggests that it may have belonged to a local deity, Iluma'tim, while the name dLAGABxIGI-gunû from the bowl fragment, formerly read as Shara, might instead be Išḫara, which according to Gianni Marchesi and Nicolo Marchetti is more plausible in the light of the distribution of cult centers of these two deities.[5] Only the western end of the temple was studied, the rest being badly eroded. The temple was about 60 metres (200 ft) square and was surrounded by a wall 6 metres (20 ft) wide with large supporting buttresses. The presence of sling stones and a sappers tunnel indicated an attack in the Early Dynastic era. Aside from a number of treasure caches, cylinder seals,[6] and a sculptured mace-head of gypsum ornamented with lions' head found, the most notable find was a copper chariot pulled by four onagers, one of the earliest examples known.[7][8] Three cuneiform tablets in Old Akkadian were also found[9] as well as "two small bronze statuettes of men and one of a woman (all with inlaid eyes of mother of pearl)" as well as tools and weapons made of bronze and the remains of a copper statue that would have originally been 4/5 life size.[10] A metal hoard consisting of "silver wires, rings/coils, ornaments, beads and an enigmatic ‘gold weight'" was found in a long corridor and dated to Early Dynastic II.[11] A single neolithic clay token was also found.[12] A notable find was a green steatite vase, elaborately engraved.[13]

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  • Kneeling Nude Male Holding Vase on Head, Tell Agrab, Shara Temple, Early Dynastic period, 2900-2700 BC, calcite - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago - DSC07462
    Kneeling Nude Male Holding Vase on Head, Tell Agrab, Shara Temple, Early Dynastic period, 2900-2700 BC, calcite - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago - DSC07462
  • Fragment of a Sumerian male statue from the Shara Temple at Tell Agrab, Iraq Museum
    Fragment of a Sumerian male statue from the Shara Temple at Tell Agrab, Iraq Museum
  • Head of a Sumerian woman from the Shara Temple at Tell Agrab, Iraq Museum
    Head of a Sumerian woman from the Shara Temple at Tell Agrab, Iraq Museum
  • Male head from Shara Temple, Tell Agrab, Iraq Museum
    Male head from Shara Temple, Tell Agrab, Iraq Museum
  • Female statuette from Tell Agrab, Iraq Museum
    Female statuette from Tell Agrab, Iraq Museum
  • Gilgamesh wrestling two bulls, from Shara Temple, Tell Agrab, Iraq Museum
    Gilgamesh wrestling two bulls, from Shara Temple, Tell Agrab, Iraq Museum
  • Quadriga consists of a chariot and a charioteer with four onagers. From Tell Agrab, Iraq. Early Dynastic period, 2600-2370 BCE. Iraq Museum
    Quadriga consists of a chariot and a charioteer with four onagers. From Tell Agrab, Iraq. Early Dynastic period, 2600-2370 BCE. Iraq Museum
  • Cylinder seal, white marble. Two goats, two shrines, and stars. Jemdet Nasr period, 3100-2900 BCE. From Tell Agrab, Iraq. Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq
    Cylinder seal, white marble. Two goats, two shrines, and stars. Jemdet Nasr period, 3100-2900 BCE. From Tell Agrab, Iraq. Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Marchesi, Gianni and Marchetti, Nicolo, "The Inscriptions on Royal Statues", Royal Statuary of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 155-185, 2011
  2. ^ a b Delougaz, Pinhas; Lloyd, Seton (1942). Pre-sargonic temples in the Diyala region (PDF). Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. OCLC 1153687033.
  3. ^ Allen, Francis O. "The Oriental Institute Archaeological Report on the Near East: Fourth Quarter, 1935", The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 201–14, 1936
  4. ^ "The Oriental Institute Archeological Report on the near East: First Quarter, 1937", The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 256–77, 1937
  5. ^ Marchesi, Gianni; Marchetti, Nicolo (2011). Royal Statuary of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia. Penn State University Press. p. 227. doi:10.1515/9781575066516. ISBN 978-1-57506-651-6.
  6. ^ Frankfort, Henry (1964). Stratified cylinder seals from the Diayala region (PDF). Chicago: The Univ. Pr. OCLC 249158786.
  7. ^ Hughes, George R., et al., "The Oriental Institute Archeological Report on the Near East: Third Quarter, 1937", The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 97–112, 1938
  8. ^ Littauer, M. A. (1979). Wheeled vehicles and ridden animals in the ancient Near East. J. H. Crouwel. Leiden: E.J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-05953-9. OCLC 6031713.
  9. ^ [1] I.J. Gelb, "Sargonic Texts from the Diyala Region", Materials for the Assyrian Dictionary, vol. 1, Chicago, 1961
  10. ^ Nims, Charles F, "The Oriental Institute Archeological Report on the near East: Fourth Quarter, 1936", The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 199–216, 1937
  11. ^ [2]Peyronel, L., "Metrology in action: Hacksilver and Scale Weights in Western Asia during the 3rd Millennium BCE", Münchener Abhandlungen zum Alten Orient 9, pp. 153-170, 2023
  12. ^ Overmann, Karenleigh A., "The Neolithic Clay Tokens", The Material Origin of Numbers: Insights from the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, pp. 157-178, 2019
  13. ^ Parker, Richard A., "The Oriental Institute Archaeological Report on the Near East: Second Quarter, 1936", The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 52–72, 1936

Further reading

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  • [3] Pinhas Delougaz, Harold D. Hill, and Seton Lloyd, "Private Houses and Graves in the Diyala Region", Oriental Institute Publications 88, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1967
  • [4] Pinhas Delougaz, "Pottery from the Diyala Region", Oriental Institute Publications 63, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1952, ISBN 0-226-14233-7
  • Henri Frankfort, "Revelations of Early Mesopotamian Culture. New Discoveries at Tell Agrab; An Ass-drawn Chariot, and Art Relics from an Early Dynastic Temple with indications of Bull-worship and Connections with Ancient India," The Illustrated London News, November 6, pp. 792–95 and col. pl. I, 1937
  • [5] Gonçalves, Vera, and Isabel Gomes de Almeida, "The Divine Feminine in Mesopotamia: the rosette/star and the reed bundle symbols in early Diyala’s glyptic (c. 3100-2600 BC)" Images, in Perceptions and Productions in and of Antiquity, pp. 156–176, 2023
  • [6] Pinhas Delougaz and Seton Lloyd with chapters by Henri Frankfort and Thorkild Jacobsen, "Pre-Sargonid Temples in the Diyala Region", Oriental Institute Publications 58, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1942
  • Marchesi, Gianni and Marchetti, Nicolo, "Archaeological Contexts and Chronology of Early Dynastic Statuary", Royal Statuary of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 11-96, 2011
  • [7]John C. Sanders, "A Reappraisal of Building Circulation within the E-Hursag at Ur", in From Sherds to Landscapes: Studies on the Ancient Near East in Honor of McGuire Gibson 71, pp. 185-226, 2021
  • Ch. P., "Les Fouilles de Tell-Agrab", Revue Archéologique, vol. 11, pp. 88–90, 1938
  • Evans, Jean M. (2007). "The Square Temple at Tell Asmar and the Construction of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia, ca. 2900–2350 B.C.E." American Journal of Archaeology. 111 (4): 599–632. doi:10.3764/aja.111.4.599. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 40025265.
  • [8]Nigro, L., “A Female Clay Figurine from Tell Agrab (Iraq) in the Vatican Museum,”] Direzi-one dei Musei Stato della Città del Vaticano, vol.22, pp. 1–11, 2002
  • Repiccioli, Marco, "Il sito di Tell Agrab", in Siti storici nella Valle della Diyala, Passato e presente, Bibliografia Storica Nazionale, pp. 113-120, 2000
  • [9]Karen L. Wilson, "A Question of Heirlooms", in From Sherds to Landscapes: Studies on the Ancient Near East in Honor of McGuire Gibson 71, pp. 259-282, 2021
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