Temperateness (virology)

In virology, temperate refers to the ability of some bacteriophages (notably coliphage λ) to display a lysogenic life cycle. Many (but not all) temperate phages can integrate their genomes into their host bacterium's chromosome, together becoming a lysogen as the phage genome becomes a prophage. A temperate phage is also able to undergo a productive, typically lytic life cycle, where the prophage is expressed, replicates the phage genome, and produces phage progeny, which then leave the bacterium. With phage the term virulent is often used as an antonym to temperate, but more strictly a virulent phage is one that has lost its ability to display lysogeny through mutation rather than a phage lineage with no genetic potential to ever display lysogeny (which more properly would be described as an obligately lytic phage).

Induction of the lytic cycle

At some point, temperate bacteriophages switch from the lysogenic life cycle to the lytic life cycle. This conversion may happen spontaneously, although at very low frequencies (λ displays spontaneous conversion of 10⁻⁸ to 10⁻⁵ per cell). In the majority of observed switch events, stressors - such as the cell's SOS response (due to DNA damage) or a change in nutrients - induces the switch.

Lysogenic and lytic cycles

Temperate phages can switch between a lytic and lysogenic life cycle. Lytic is more drastic, killing the host whereas lysogenic impacts host cells genetically or physiologically. Here is a chart on temperate phages that are lytic and lysogenic and how they're related. Lysogeny is characterized by the integration of the phage genome in the host genome.

Host	Temperate Phages
Escherichia coli	E. coli prophage, SUSP1, SUSP2
Salmonella	Fels-2, Enterobacteriaceae
Vibrio cholerae	CTX𝜑
Staphylococcus aureus	Staphylococcal phages
Clostridium perfringens	Clostridium phage phiMMP01, vbCpeS-CP51, Staphylococcus phage

Lysogenic and Lytic Cycle