Tenpō calendar
Tenpō calendar (天保暦, Tenpō-reki), officially the Tenpō sexagenary unitary calendar (天保甲戌元暦 Tenpō jin'in genreki), was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (genka reki).[1] It was published in the Tenpō era (1830–1844).[2] It was in use in the late Edo period, from 1844 to 1872.[citation needed]
History
The Tenpō-reki system was the work of Shibukawa Kagesuke. This was the last traditional calendar system created by Japanese astronomers and mathematicians.[2]
Overview
The calendar is a lunisolar calendar which adopted Teiki-hou for solar terms, in which solar terms are equally divided by solar longitude, in place of Heiki-hou in which solar terms are equally divided by time. The month is lunar month and the first day of the month starts on the day which includes new moon. A leap month is added if there are three lunar months between a lunar months which includes a solstice/equinox and the lunar month which includes the following equinox/solstice. In that case, the leap month is the lunar month which doesn't include any Chuuki (one of the twelve solar terms that are used to determine the months of the year.) The months which include a solstice/equinox are respectively fixed to the second, fifth, eighth and eleventh months. The time of the day used in the calendar to determine the dates of solar terms and lunar phases is the one observed at Kyoto. [3][4]
In previous calendars, hours were of uniform lengths. In the Tenpō calendar, the length of hours changed depending on the time of year.[5] This made it extremely difficult to make Japanese mechanical clocks.
Tenpō calendar is no longer officially maintained at all.
Known Problems
The calendar didn't define the months of the year when there is only one lunar month or when there are two months which don't include any Chuuki, between a lunar months which includes a solstice/equinox and the lunar month which includes the following equinox/solstice. These problems lead to what is called Year 2033 Problem.
See also
References
- ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Calendar" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 98.
- ^ a b Orchiston, Wayne et al. (2011). Highlighting the History of Astronomy in the Asia-Pacific Region, p. 155.
- ^ http://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/C2C0B1A2C2C0CDDBCEF12FC4EAB5A4CBA1A4CEB1C6B6C1.html
- ^ http://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FC6FCCBDCA4CECBDCBDE9BBD2B8E1C0FE.html
- ^ Jessica Kennett Cork. The Lunisolar Calendar: A Sociology of Japanese Time.