The Birds (Respighi)

The Birds (Italian: Gli uccelli) is a suite for small orchestra by the Italian composer Ottorino Respighi. Dating from 1928, the work is based on music from the 18th-century and represents an attempt to transcribe birdsong into musical notation, and illustrate bird actions, such as fluttering wings, or scratching feet. The work is in five movements:

• "Prelude" (based on the music of Bernardo Pasquini)
• "La colomba" ("The dove"; based on the music of Jacques de Gallot)
• "La gallina" ("The hen"; based on the music of Jean-Philippe Rameau)
• "L'usignuolo" ("The nightingale"; based on the folksong "Engels Nachtegaeltje" transcribed by recorder virtuoso Jacob van Eyck)
• "Il cucù" ("The cuckoo"; based on the music of Pasquini)

The suite was used for the ballet of the same name, with choreography by Cia Fornaroli, first performed at Sanremo Casinò Municipale on 19 February 1933; with choreography by Margarita Walmann at the Colòn Theatre, Buenos Aires, on 27 February 1940; and by Robert Helpmann, with design by Chiang Yee, by the Sadler's Wells Ballet at the New Theatre, London on 24 November 1942.

Instrumentation

Woodwinds: 2 Flutes (2nd doubling Piccolo), Oboe, 2 Clarinets, 2 Bassoons

Brass: 2 Horns, 2 Trumpets

Keyboard: Celesta

Strings: Harp, 1st and 2nd Violins, Violas, Cellos, Double Basses

External links

• San Diego Symphony program notes, November 2006
• Free scores at IMSLP