Thompson–LaGarde Tests
The Thompson–LaGarde Tests were a series of tests conducted in 1904 to determine which caliber should be used in new military handguns.
History
The US Army's fighting men had considerable difficulty stopping the Moro warriors and other combatants with the .38 Long Colt, and the Army began to consider the problem. The task was assigned to Colonel John T. Thompson of the Infantry, and Major Louis Anatole LaGarde of the Medical Corps.
Testing
The tests were conducted at the Nelson Morris Company Union Stock Yards in Chicago, Illinois, using both live cattle outside a local slaughterhouse, as well as some human cadavers. To consider different combinations of factors, several different calibers were used during the tests: 7.65×22mm Parabellum (.30 Luger), 9×19mm Parabellum (Germany), .38 Long Colt, .38 ACP, blunt and hollow-point .45 Colt (US), .476 Eley (UK), and the "cupped" .455 Webley (UK).
The first day of testing involved eight live cattle; seven were shot through the lungs using different caliber rounds, and the effects recorded. The remaining animal was shot through the intestines with the .476 Eley. If the animal took too long to die, it was put down by a hammer blow to the head. Results were highly variable due to differences in shot placement, round types, animal size, and the number of times the animal was shot, according to Day/Velleux.[1]
For the second day, the test procedures were changed so that each animal would be rapidly shot in the lungs until the animal had died or 10 rounds had been fired. For this test, five to ten animals were used (LaGarde said sixteen cattle and two horses were shot,[2] Day/Velleux says thirteen cattle[1]). Again, results were highly variable, and weapon jamming also contributed to the variability this time, according to Day/Velleux.
The cadaver tests were conducted by suspending the body, and measured the sway caused when the body was shot from different distances. As the suspended body constituted a ballistic pendulum, this measured the relative momentum of the rounds to some extent.
After the tests, Thompson and LaGarde stated:[2]
the Board was of the opinion that a bullet, which will have the shock effect and stopping effect at short ranges necessary for a military pistol or revolver, should have a caliber not less than .45. ... None of the full-jacketed or metal-patch bullets (all of which were less than cal. . 45) showed the necessary shock effect or stopping power for a service weapon. ...
We are not acquainted with any bullet fired from a hand weapon that will stop a determined enemy when the projectile traverses soft parts alone. The requirements of such a bullet would need to have a sectional area like that of a 3-inch solid shot the recoil from which when used in hand weapons would be prohibitive. ...
Finally the Board reached the conclusion that the only safeguard at close encounters is a well-directed rapid fire from nothing less than a .45-caliber weapon. With this end in view soldiers should be drilled to fire at moving targets until they have attained proficiency as marksmen.
Criticism
The Thompson–LaGarde Tests have since been criticized as being "highly unscientific" and producing a recommendation unsupported by the test results.[1] Others, notably Julian Hatcher[3] and Jeff Cooper[4] regarded the tests as well conducted, and the recommendation as fully supported by the evidence available to the board, and empirical evidence subsequently available concerning stopping power and handgun effectiveness.
References
- ^ a b c Velleux, David (1998). "Background Information on the United States Pistol Caliber .45 M1911". The Sight M1911.
- ^ a b LaGarde, Louis Anatole Gunshot Injuries: How They are Inflicted, Their Complications and Treatment, (New York: William Wood and Company, 1914), pp. 67-89
- ^ Julian Hatcher, Textbook of Pistols and Revolvers, Their Ammunition, Ballistics, and Use (Marines, N.C.: Small-Arms Technical Pub. Co., 1935)
- ^ Jeff Cooper, Cooper on Handguns (Petersen Pub. Co., 1974)