View source for Tisquesusa

{{Short description|Tribal ruler in pre-Spanish Colombia}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Tisquesusa
| title        = Zipa of Bacatá
| image        = 3 Tisquesusa.jpg
| caption      = Tisquesusa depicted in 1688 on the cover of ''Historia general de las conquistas del Nuevo Reyno de Granada'' by [[Juan de Castellanos]]
| succession   = [[Muisca rulers|Zipa of Bacatá]]
| reign        = 1514 – 1537
| predecessor  = [[Nemequene]]
| successor    = [[Sagipa]]
| birth_date   = ''unknown''
| birth_place  = [[Bacatá]], [[Muisca Confederation]]
| death_date   = 1537
| death_place  = [[Facatativá]], [[Bacatá]], [[Muisca Confederation]]
| spouse       = [[Usaquén|Usaca]]
| spouse-type  = Sister
| issue        = Hama (son)<br>Machinza (daughter)
| full name    = Tisquesusa, Thisquesuza, Thysquesuca, Thisquesusha, Bogotá
| house        = [[Muisca rulers|Bacatá]]
| religion     = [[Muisca religion]]
| reg-type1    = Nephew
| regent1      = ''unknown''
}}
'''Tisquesusa''', also spelled '''Thisquesuza''', '''Thysquesuca''' or '''Thisquesusha''' (referred to in the earliest sources as '''Bogotá''', the Elder) (died [[Facatativá]], 1537) was the fourth and last independent ruler (''[[zipa|psihipqua]]'') of [[Bacatá|Muyquytá]], main settlement of the southern Muisca between 1514 and his death in 1537. The Spanish pronunciation of his name brought about the [[Colombia]]n capital Bogotá. Tisquesusa was the ruler of the southern [[Muisca Confederation]] at the time of the [[Spanish conquest of the Muisca]], when the troops led by [[Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada]] and his [[Hernán Pérez de Quesada|brother]] entered the central Andean highlands.

== Biography ==
[[File:TISQUESUSA1.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Tisquesusa]]
Bogotá was ''[[cacique]]'' of [[Chía, Cundinamarca|Chía]] and following the [[Women in Muisca society#Matrilineal heritage of rule|Muisca heritage rules]], he as nephew of the previous ruler [[Nemequene]] succeeded his uncle in 1514. At the start of his reign, Bogotá fought against the [[Panche people|Panche]] in the west of the [[Muisca Confederation]]. The brother of Tisquesusa and later -according to Muisca heritage rule illegal- successor [[Sagipa]] was the general in the southern Muisca army. Early on in his reign Tisquesusa went to war with the northern Muisca ruled by Quemuenchatocha. Forty thousands [[guecha warrior]]s of the southern Muisca fought against fifty thousand northern Muisca. Earlier, support of the ''[[iraca]]'' [[Sugamuxi]] of the Iraca Valley helped the northern troops in their battles, but this time the third party helped settling a truce between both parties which lasted until the arrival of the [[Spanish conquest of the Americas|Spanish conquistadores]] in 1537.<ref>{{in lang|es}} [https://www.udistrital.edu.co/universidad/colombia/historia/prehispanica/muiscas/tisquesusa/ Biography Tisquesusa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611050857/https://www.udistrital.edu.co/universidad/colombia/historia/prehispanica/muiscas/tisquesusa/ |date=2016-06-11 }} - [[Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas]]</ref>

=== The Spanish conquest ===
{{main|Spanish conquest of the Muisca}}
The arrival of the Spanish conquerors was revealed to Bogotá by the [[mohan (legendary)|mohan]] Popón, from the village of [[Ubaque]]. He told the Muisca ruler that foreigners were coming and Tisquesusa would die "bathing in his own blood".<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://pueblosoriginarios.com/biografias/tisquesusa.html Tisquesusa would die bathing in his own blood] - Pueblos Originarios</ref> When Tisquesusa was informed of the advancing invasion of the Spanish soldiers, he sent a spy to [[Suesca]] to find out more about their army strength, weapons and with how many warriors they could be beaten. The ''psihipqua'' left the capital Muyquytá and took shelter in [[Nemocón]] which directed the Spanish troops to there, during this march attacked by more than 600 Muisca warriors.<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/biografias/tisquesusa Zipa Tisquesusa] - [[Banco de la República]]</ref>

When Tisquesusa retreated in his fortified place in [[Cajicá]] he allegedly told his men he would not be able to combat against the strong Spanish army in possession of weapons that produced "thunder and lightning". He chose to return to Bacatá and ordered the capital to be evacuated, resulting in an abandoned site when the Spanish arrived. In search for the Muisca ruler the conquistadores went north to find Tisquesusa in the surroundings of [[Facatativá]] where they attacked him at night.

Alonso Domínguez, one of De Quesada's soldiers, thrust his sword at Tisquesusa, but without knowing he was the ''zipa'', he let him go after taking the expensive mantle of the ruler. Tisquesusa fled hurt into the mountains and died of his wounds there. His body was only discovered a year later because of the [[black vulture]]s circling over it.

At the death of Tisquesusa, his son Hama and daughter Machinza hid the sister of the ''psihipqua'', Usaca, in one of the settlements on the Bogotá savanna. When one of the conquistadors, Juan María Cortés, found out about this, he prepared a battle to gain control over the area. At that moment, Usaca appeared and resisted against the Spanish conqueror. Legend tells that he dropped his weapons and fell in love with her, eventually marrying the sister of Tisquesusa and they were baptised in [[Usaquén]], meaning "Land of the Sun" in [[Chibcha language|Muysccubun]]. This formed the start of the construction of a colonial village, today part of the capital and known for its colonial architecture and parks.<ref name=TiempoUsaca>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-1350327 Las tierras de la princesa Usaca] - [[El Tiempo (Colombia)|El Tiempo]]</ref>

=== Succession to the throne ===
Contrary to Muisca tradition, where the eldest son of the oldest sister of the previous ruler would become the next ''zipa'', the reign was taken over by Tisquesusa's brother; his army general [[Sagipa]]. This would be the last ruler of the southern Muisca, defeated in 1538 and died of Spanish torture in early 1539.

=== Tisquesusa in Muisca history ===
{{History of the Muisca}}

== Modern historical revisionism ==
In investigations in the 21st century about the existence of Tisquesusa, doubt has been cast on his name. The name Tisquesusa originates from the work ''[[Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias]]'' written by poet [[Juan de Castellanos]] decades after the events of the conquest. In his work he names Tisquesusa as the ''zipa'', while other researchers, such as [[Jorge Gamboa Mendoza]], maintain the name was "Bogotá".{{refn|group=note|According to most sources the name "Bogotá" didn't exist in Muisca times, yet was a modification of ''Muyquytá'', the name of the area where the ''psihipqua'' resided; on the Bogotá savanna}} Later [[List of Muisca scholars|scholars]], such as [[Pedro Simón]] simply took the names from earlier sources without verifying them.<ref name=EspectadorTisquesusa>{{citation |last=Jiménez Herrera |first=Juan Sebastián |year=2014 |title=¿Existió o no el cacique Tisquesusa? |url=http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/nacional/existio-o-no-el-cacique-tisquesusa-articulo-490297 |publisher=[[El Espectador]] |language=es |accessdate=2016-09-29}}</ref>

{{clear}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Colombia}}
*[[Spanish conquest of the Muisca]]
*[[Muisca rulers]], [[history of Bogotá]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{citation |last=[[Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada|Jiménez de Quesada]] |first=Gonzalo |year=1576 |title=Memoria de los descubridores, que entraron conmigo a descubrir y conquistar el Reino de Granada |url=https://archive.org/stream/memoriasobrelasa00uric/memoriasobrelasa00uric_djvu.txt |language=es |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
* {{citation |last=[[Juan de Castellanos|De Castellanos]] |first=Juan |year=1857 |orig-year=1589 |title=Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnEGAAAAQAAJ |pages=1–567 |language=es |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
* {{citation |last=[[Pedro Simón|Simón]] |first=Pedro |year=1892 |orig-year=1626 |title=Noticias historiales de las conquistas de Tierra Firme en las Indias occidentales (1882-92) vol.1-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/tierrafirmeindias01simbrich |language=es |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
* {{citation |last1=Rodríguez Freyle |first1=Juan |last2=Achury Valenzuela |first2=Darío |year=1979 |orig-year=1859 (1638) |title=El Carnero - Conquista i descubrimiento del nuevo reino de Granada de las Indias Occidentales del mar oceano, i fundacion de la ciudad de Santa Fe de Bogota |url=http://www.biblioteca.org.ar/libros/211557.pdf |publisher=Fundacion Biblioteca Ayacuch |pages=1–598 |language=es |accessdate=2016-11-21 |author1-link=Juan Rodríguez Freyle }}
* {{citation |last=[[Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita|Fernández de Piedrahita]] |first=Lucas |year=1688 |title=Historia general de las conquistas del Nuevo Reino de Granada |url=http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/Search.do?numfields=1&field1=autor&field1val=%22Fern%C3%A1ndez+Piedrahita%2c+Lucas%22&field1Op=AND&exact=on&advanced=true&language=esEn |language=es |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
* {{citation |last=Caro Molina |first=Fernando | year=1967 |title=Epítome de la Conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada - Reseña |url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/thesaurus/pdf/22/TH_22_001_118_0.pdf |publisher=[[Cervantes Institute]] |pages=116–130 |accessdate=2016-12-21}}
* {{citation |last=[[Juan Friede|Friede]] |first=Juan |year=1960 |title=Descubrimiento del Nuevo Reino de Granada y Fundación de Bogotá (1536-1539)  |url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/historia/desnue/pag69-78.htm |publisher=[[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Banco de la República]] |pages=1–342 |accessdate=2016-12-26}}
* {{citation |last=Millán de Benavides |first=Carmen |year=2014 |title=Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada |url=http://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/univhumanistica/article/view/9569/7801 |journal=Universitas Humanística |volume=48 |issue=48 |publisher=[[Pontifical Xavierian University]] |pages=11–17 |issn=2011-2734 |accessdate=2016-12-21}}
* {{citation |last=Millán de Benavides |first=Carmen |year=2001 |title=Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada la cosmografía española del siglo XVI y el conocimiento por cuestionario |url=http://biblioteca.ugc.edu.co/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=35923 |publisher=[[Pontifical Xavierian University|Centro Editorial Javeriano]] |pages=1–139 |isbn=9586833682 |accessdate=2016-12-21}}
* {{citation |last=Ramos Pérez |first=Demetrio |year=1972 |title=Ximénez de Quesada en su relación con los cronistas: y el Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfBG8sro2GkC&q=%22Ep%C3%ADtome+de+la+conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada%22 |publisher=CSIC |pages=1–329 |isbn=9788400020774 |accessdate=2016-12-21}}
* {{citation |last= |first= |year=1979 |orig-year=1889 (1539) |title=Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada |journal= Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico|volume= 16|issue= 3|url=http://publicaciones.banrepcultural.org/index.php/boletin_cultural/article/view/3679/3806 |publisher=[[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Banco de la República]] |pages=81–97 |accessdate=2016-12-21}}
* {{citation |last=[[Joaquín Acosta|Acosta]] |first=Joaquín |title=Compendio histórico del descubrimiento y colonización de la Nueva Granada en el siglo décimo sexto |trans-title=Historical overview of discovery and colonization of New Granada in the sixteenth century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfmJ48NHzDEC |year=1848 |publisher=Beau Press |location=Paris |pages=1–460 |oclc=23030434 |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
* {{citation |last=Correa |first=François |year=2005 |title=El imperio muisca: invención de la historia y colonialidad del poder - The Muisca empire: invention of history and power colonialisation |work=Muiscas: representaciones, cartografías y etnopolíticas de la memoria |publisher=[[Pontifical Xavierian University|Universidad La Javeriana]] |pages=201–226 |isbn=958-683-643-6 |language=es}}
* {{citation |last=[[Jorge Gamboa Mendoza|Gamboa Mendoza]] |first=Jorge |year=2006 |title=Los caciques en la legislación indiana: una reflexión sobre la condición jurídica de las autoridades indígenas en el siglo XVI - The caciques in the indian legislation: a review about the juridical condition of the indigenous authorities in the 16th century |url=http://www.icanh.gov.co/recursos_user/documentos/editores/201/Articulos/LibroSolorzano-caciques.pdf |pages=1–38 |language=es |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
* {{citation |last=[[Ana María Groot|Groot de Mahecha]] |first=Ana María |year=2014 |orig-year=2008 |title=Sal y poder en el altiplano de Bogotá, 1537-1640 |publisher=[[National University of Colombia|Universidad Nacional de Colombia]] |pages=1–174 |isbn=978-958-719-046-5 |language=es}}
* {{citation |last=[[Carl Henrik Langebaek|Langebaek Rueda]] |first=Carl Henrik |year=2005 |title=Muiscas: representaciones, cartografías y etnopolíticas de la memoria - The Muisca: representations, cartography and ethnopolitics |publisher=[[Pontifical Xavierian University|Universidad Javeriana]] |pages=1–380 |isbn=958-683-643-6 |language=es}}
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* {{citation |last=Martínez Martín |first=Abel Fernando |year= |title=Entre risas y llantos. Una mirada a las costumbres muiscas a través de los cronistas - Between laughter and cry. A look at the Muisca habits through the chroniclers |pages=1–16 |language=es}}
* {{citation |last=Salcedo Salcedo |first=Jaime |year=2011 |title=Un vestigio del cercado del señor de Bogotá en la traza de Santafe - A trace of the enclosure of the lord of Bogotá in the design of Santafe |journal=Ensayos. Historia y teoría del arte |publisher=[[National University of Colombia|Universidad Nacional de Colombia]] |volume=20 |pages=155–190 |language=es}}
* {{citation |last=Trimborn |first=Hermann |year=2005 |title=La organización del poder público en las culturas soberanas de los chibchas - The public power organisation in the common cultures of the Chibchas |work=Muiscas: representaciones, cartografías y etnopolíticas de la memoria |publisher=[[Pontifical Xavierian University|Universidad La Javeriana]] |pages=298–314 |isbn=958-683-643-6 |language=es}}
* {{citation |last=Londoño |first=Eduardo |year=1989 |title=Santuarios, santillos, tunjos: objetos votivos de los Muiscas en el siglo XVI |pages=92–120 |language=es}}
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* {{citation |last=Bonilla Romero |first=Julio H. |year=2011 |title=Aproximaciones al observatorio solar de Bacatá-Bogotá-Colombia - Approaches to solar observatory Bacatá-Bogotá-Colombia |url=http://revistas.udistrital.edu.co/ojs/index.php/azimut/article/view/4055/5984 |journal=Azimut, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas |volume=3 |pages=9–15 |accessdate=2016-12-26}}
* {{citation |last=Francis |first=John Michael |year=1993 |title="Muchas hipas, no minas" The Muiscas, a merchant society: Spanish misconceptions and demographic change (M.A.) |type=M.A. |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |pages=1–118 }}
* {{citation |last=Kruschek |first=Michael H. |type=PhD |year=2003 |title=The evolution of the Bogotá chiefdom: A household view (PhD) |publisher=University of Pittsburgh |url=http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/7735/1/kruschek2003.pdf |pages=1–271 |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
* {{citation |last=Correa Rubio |first=François |year=2005 |title=Sociedad y naturaleza en la mitología Muisca - Society and nature in the Muisca mythology |journal=Tábula Rasa |location=Bogotá, Colombia |pages=197–222 |volume=5 |doi=10.25058/20112742.235 |issn=1794-2489 |language=es|doi-access=free }}
* {{citation |last=García Giraldo |first=Alfredo |year=2012 |orig-year=1984 |title=Érase una vez entre los chibchas - Once upon a time between the Muisca |publisher=Panamericana Editorial |location=Bogotá, Colombia |pages=1–116 |isbn=978-958-30-0298-4 |language=es}}
* {{citation |last=[[Javier Ocampo López|Ocampo López]] |first=Javier |year=2007 |title=Grandes culturas indígenas de América - Great indigenous cultures of the Americas |location=Bogotá, Colombia |publisher=Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S.A. |isbn=978-958-14-0368-4 |pages=1–238 |language=es}}

== External links ==
* {{in lang|es}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDdtcYz_ME8 Animated video about Tisquesusa]

{{pre-Columbian}}
{{Muisca navbox|Caciques and neighbours|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Muisca rulers]]
[[Category:Murdered royalty]]
[[Category:15th-century births]]
[[Category:1537 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century South American people]]
[[Category:Indigenous warriors of the Americas]]