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{{otheruses4|the body part}} |
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[[Image:Toes.jpg|thumb|200px|Toes on the [[foot]]. The innermost toe (bottom-left in image), which is normally called the big toe, is the ''[[hallux]]''.]] |
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'''Toes''' are the [[Digit (anatomy)|digit]]s of the [[foot]] of an animal. Many animal species such as [[cat]]s walk on their toes, and are described as being ''[[digitigrade]]''. Humans, and other animals that walk on the soles of their feet, are ''[[plantigrade]]''; ''[[unguligrade]]'' animals are those that walk on [[hoof|hooves]] at the tips of their toes. |
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The toes are, from medial to lateral: |
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*[[Big toe]] (hallux) |
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*Index toe |
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*Middle toe |
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*Fourth toe |
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*[[Fifth toe|Little toe]] (Colloquially known as the ''pinky toe'' in the USA)<ref>http://en.allexperts.com/q/Physical-Rehabilitation-Medicine-981/Pinky-TOE.htm Physical Rehabilitation Medicine - The Pinky Toe</ref> |
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==Toe anatomy and physiology== |
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{{main|Phalanges of the foot}} |
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[[Image:Gray269.png|thumb|Bones of the left [[foot]]. [[Plantar]] surface.]] |
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The anatomy of the human foot consists of numerous bones and soft tissues which support the weight of the [[bipedalism|upright human]]. The toes specifically assist the human while [[walking]]<ref name='toe_walking'>Janey Hughes, Peter Clark, & Leslie Klenerman. ''The Importance of the Toes in Walking.'' The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Vol. 72-B, No. 2. March, 1990. [http://www.jbjs.org.uk/cgi/reprint/72-B/2/245.pdf]</ref>, providing balance, weight-bearing, and thrust during the [[gait]]. Toe bones articulate around the [[metatarsal]] bones which make up the central portion of the human foot. Movements are generally instigated via tendons actuated by muscles in the lower leg. |
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Humans typically have five toes. Exceptions include [[polydactyly]] (too many toes), and [[syndactyly]] or [[amputation]] (too few toes). The four smallest toes consist of four phalanx bones, while the largest consists of three phananx bones and two [[sesamoid bones]]. Many of the [[flexor]] tendons are shared, making it impossible to move individual toes independently; however, some [[prehensility]], or grasping capability, does exist for most humans. |
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Forefoot shape, including toe shape, exhibits significant variation among people; these differences can be measured and has been statistically correlated with [[ethnicity]]<ref name='foot_shape'>''Ethnic differences in forefoot shape and the determination of shoe comfort.'' Hawes, Sovak, Miyashita, Kang, Yosihuku, and Tanaka. ''Ergonomics'', Vol. 37, No. 1, Page 187. 1994. Available at [http://www.informaworld.com/index/779153123.pdf]</ref>. Such deviations may affect comfort and fit for various shoe types. Research conducted by Freedman for the U.S. Army<ref name='freedman_army'>Freedman, A., Huntington, E.C., Davis, G.C., Magee, R.B., Milstead, V.M. and |
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Kirkpatrick, C.M.. 1946. ''Foot Dimensions of Soldiers (Third Partial Report)'', [[Armored Medical Research Laboratory]], [[Fort Knox]], Kentucky.</ref> indicated that larger feet may still have smaller arches, toe length, and toe-breadth. Specifically measurable toe and forefoot metrics for humans include<ref name='foot_shape'/>: |
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*height |
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*breadth and girth |
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*[[Ball (anatomy)|ball length]] |
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*digital pattern |
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*heel to toe length |
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*[[footprint]] layout |
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Each of these metrics has been correlated to particular ethnic groups, but absolute deviations in dimensions are relatively small; such deviations may or may not be practically significant from the ergonomic or comfort standpoint. |
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==Injuries== |
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A sprain or strain to the small [[Interphalangeal articulations of foot|interphalangeal joints]] of the toe is commonly called a '''stubbed toe'''.<ref>[http://www.aurorahealthcare.org/yourhealth/healthgate/getcontent.asp?URLhealthgate=%2211499.html%22 Your Health - Toe Sprain<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> A sprain or strain where the toe joins to the foot is called '''[[turf toe]]'''. A [[bunion]] is a structural deformity of the bones and the [[joint]] between the foot and big toe, and may be painful.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.footphysicians.com/footankleinfo/bunions.htm |author=American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons |title=Bunions |accessdate=2008-03-05}}</ref> Long-term use of improperly sized shoes can cause misalignment of toes, as well as other orthopedic problems. |
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==See also== |
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{{wiktionary}} |
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{{commons|Category:Toes}} |
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*[[Ainhum]] |
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*[[Phalanges of the foot]] |
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*[[Finger]], for the [[hand]] digits |
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*[[Hallux]] |
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*[[Morton's toe]] |
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*[[Polydactyly]] and [[Syndactyly]] |
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*[[Toe cleavage]] |
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*[[Toe tag]] |
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*[[Toe nail]] |
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*[[Webbed toes]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{Lower limb general}} |
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[[Category:Foot]] |
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[[Category:Podiatry]] |
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{{Link FA|he}} |
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[[ar:أصابع القدم]] |
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[[cy:Bys troed]] |
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[[da:Tå]] |
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[[de:Zehe (Fuß)]] |
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[[eo:Piedfingro]] |
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[[fa:انگشت پا]] |
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[[fr:Orteil]] |
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[[gd:Meur-coise]] |
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[[ko:발가락]] |
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[[is:Tá]] |
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[[he:אצבעות כף הרגל]] |
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[[nl:Teen]] |
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[[ja:爪先]] |
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[[no:Tå]] |
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[[pag:Gamet-na-sali]] |
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[[simple:Toe]] |
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[[fi:Varvas]] |
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[[sv:Tå]] |
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[[tl:Daliri sa paa]] |
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[[fiu-vro:Varvas]] |
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[[zh:腳趾]] |
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Revision as of 20:18, 19 December 2008
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