Tommy Flowers
Thomas Harold Flowers MBE | |
|---|---|
| File:Tommy Flowers2.JPG Tommy Flowers - possibly taken around the time he was at Bletchley Park | |
| Born | 22 December 1905 Poplar, London |
| Died | 28 October 1998 Mill Hill, London |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation | Engineer |
| Spouse | Eileen Margeret Green |
| Children | 2 |
Thomas (Tommy) Harold Flowers, MBE (22 December 1905 – 28 October 1998) was an English engineer. During World War II, Flowers designed Colossus, the world's first programmable electronic computer, to help solve encrypted German messages.
Early life
Flowers was born at 160 Abbot Road, Poplar in London's East End on 22 December 1905, the son of a bricklayer.[1] Whilst undertaking an apprenticeship in mechanical engineering at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, he took evening classes at the University of London to earn a degree in electrical engineering.[1] In 1926, he joined the telecommunications branch of the General Post Office (GPO), moving to work at the research station at Dollis Hill in the north-west London in 1930. In 1935, he married Eileen Margeret Green and the couple later had two children, Kenneth and John.[1]
From 1935 onward, he explored the use of electronics for telephone exchanges. By 1939, he was convinced that an all-electronic system was possible. This background in switching electronics would prove crucial for his computer design in World War II.
World War II
Flowers's first contact with the wartime codebreaking effort came when he was asked for help by Alan Turing, who was then working at the government's Bletchley Park codebreaking establishment 50 miles north of London. Turing wanted Flowers to build a decoder for the relay-based Bombe machine, which Turing had developed to help decrypt the Germans' Enigma codes. Although the decoder project was abandoned, Turing was impressed with Flowers's work, and introduced him to Max Newman who was leading the effort to break a teletype-based cipher, called "Geheimschreiber" (secret writer) by the Germans and "Fish" by the British decoding team. This was a much more complex coding system than Enigma; the decoding procedure involved trying so many possibilities that it was impractical to do by hand. In February 1943, Flowers proposed an electronic system, which he called Colossus, using over 1800 valves (vacuum tubes). Because the most complicated previous electronic device had used about 150 valves, some were sceptical that such a device would be reliable. Flowers countered that the British telephone system used thousands of valves and was reliable because the electronics were operated in a stable environment that included having the circuitry on all the time. The Bletchley Park management were not convinced, however, and merely encouraged Flowers to proceed on his own. He did so, providing much of the funds for the project himself. On 2 June 1943, he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).[2]
Flowers gained full backing for his project from the Director of Dollis Hill, W.G. Radley. With the highest priority for acquisition of parts, Flowers's extremely dedicated team at Dollis Hill built the first machine in 11 months. It was immediately dubbed 'Colossus' by the Bletchley Park staff for its immense proportions. It operated 5 times faster and was more flexible than the previous system, named Heath Robinson, which used electro-mechanical switches. Anticipating the need for additional computers, a Mark 2 redesign utilizing 2400 valves was begun before the first computer was finished.
The first Mark 2 Colossus was put into service at Bletchley Park on 1 June 1944, and immediately produced vital information for the imminent D-Day landings planned for 6 June. Flowers later described a crucial meeting between Dwight D. Eisenhower and his staff on 5 June, during which a courier entered and handed Eisenhower a note summarizing a Colossus decrypt. This confirmed that Hitler wanted no additional troops moved to Normandy, as he was still convinced that the preparations for the Normandy Landings were a diversionary feint. Handing back the decrypt, Eisenhower announced to his staff, "We go tomorrow."[3]
Years later, Flowers described the design and construction of these computers.[4] Ten Colossi were completed and used during World War II in British decoding efforts, and an eleventh was ready for commissioning at the end of the war. All but two were dismantled at the end of the war. "The remaining two were moved to a British Intelligence department, GCHQ in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, where they may have played a significant part in the codebreaking operations of the Cold War".[5] They were finally decommissioned in 1959 and 1960.
Post-war work and retirement
After the war Flowers was granted £1,000 by the government, payment which did not cover Flowers' personal investment in the equipment. His work in computing was not fully acknowledged until the 1970s because the project was restricted by the Official Secrets Act. His family had known only that he had done some 'secret and important' work.[6] He remained at the Post Office Research Station where he was Head of the Switching Division. He and his group pioneered work on all-electronic telephone exchanges, completing a basic design by about 1950, which led on to the Highgate Wood Telephone Exchange. He was also involved in the development of ERNIE.[7] In 1964 he became Head of the Advanced Development Group at Standard Telephones and Cables Ltd., retiring in 1969.[8]
Flowers died in 1998 aged 92, leaving a wife and two sons.[1] He is commemorated at the old Post Office Research Station site, which became a housing development, with the main building converted into a block of flats with an access road called Flowers Close. He is soon to be honoured by London Borough of Tower Hamlets, where he was born. An ICT centre for young people, named the Tommy Flowers Centre, is opening there in summer 2010. The Centre is a refurbished 1903 listed school building, in Henriques St, London.
References
- ^ a b c d Agar, Jon (2008). "Flowers, Thomas Harold (1905–1998)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/71253. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
- ^ "No. 36035". The London Gazette (invalid
|supp=(help)). 4 June 1943. - ^ B.J. Copeland, ed., "Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers," Oxford University Press, 2006.
- ^ Howard, Campaigne (1983-07-03). "The Design of Colossus: Thomas H. Flowers". Annals of the History of Computing. 5 (3): 239. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
- ^ Transcript of 1999 Nova television program "Decoding Nazi Secrets"
- ^ BBC, 2003, obituary for Tommy Flowers: Technical Innovator
- ^ Inside Out: Premium Bonds - BBC
- ^ A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century: The Colossus - B. Randell, Newcastle University
External links
- The Design of Colossus – Thomas H. Flowers
- Quotes about Flowers
- A Real English Hero has Died: a Father of the Modern Computer — The Daily Telegraph
- Tommy Flowers talking about Colossus