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Tonita Peña

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Tonita Peña
Quah Ah
BornMay 10, 1893
San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico
DiedSeptember 9, 1949
Santo Domingo Pueblo, New Mexico
Resting placeCochiti Pueblo Cemetery, Cochiti Pueblo, Sandoval County, New Mexico
NationalityAmerican
Known forAmerican Indian painting, Pueblo art
Stylepen and ink with watercolor on paper, murals
MovementSan Ildefonso Self-Taught Group
Patron(s)Edgar Lee Hewett

Tonita Peña (born May 10, 1893 in San Ildefonso - death September 9, 1949 in Santo Domingo Pueblo[1]) born as Quah Ah but also used the name Tonita Vigil Peña and María Antonia Tonita Peña.[2] Peña was a renowned Pueblo artist, specializing in pen and ink on paper embellished with watercolor.[1] She was a well-known and influential Native American women artist and art teacher of the early 1920s and 1930s.[2]

Early life and family

Tonita Peña was the daughter of Ascensión Vigil Peña and Natividad Peña of San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico[1] but at age 12, her mother and younger sister died, as a results of complications due to the flu.[3] Her father was unable to care for her and she was taken to Cochití Pueblo and was brought up by her aunt, Martina Vigil Montoya, a prominent Cochití Pueblo potter.[3][4] Tonita married four times and had six children.[1] Peña's first marriage was at the age of 15, arranged by village elders to Juan Chavez.[3] She had two sons, who were raised by their Aunt while Peña finished school. In 1913 Peña has a second arranged marriage to fine art painter Joe Hilario Herrera who died in a mining accident,[1][3] followed by Felipe Herrera, who died in 1920, and then to Epitacio Arquero, whom she married in 1922.[5]

Growing awareness

Peña began gaining more notoriety by the end of the 1910s selling an increasing amount to her work to collectors and the La Fonda Hotel. Much of this early work was done of traditional subject matter, in a style inspired by historic Native American works, however her user of an artists easel and western painting mediums gained her acceptance amongst her white contemporaries in the art world. At the age of 25 her work was being shown at museums and galleries in the Santa Fe and Albuquerque area.[6]

In the 1930s Peña was an instructor at the Santa Fe Indian School and at the Albuquerque Indian School[1] and the only woman painter of the San Ildefonso Self-Taught Group, which included such noted artists as Alfonso Roybal, Julian Martinez, Abel Sánchez, Crecencio Martinez, and Encarnación Peña.[7][8]

In 1931, Tonita Peña exhibited at the Exposition of Indian Tribal Arts which was presented at the Grand Central Art Galleries in New York City.[2][9] By 1932, the Whitney Museum in New York bought Peña’s painting Basket Dance for $225. This was the highest price paid up to this time for a Pueblo painting and most Native American paintings at this time were selling between $2 to $25.[2]

She died on September 9, 1949 of cancer after unsuccessful radiation therapy on her adrenal glands.[10] At Peña's death, all of her remaining paintings and personal effects were burned in compliance with Pueblo customs.[1][3][10]

Affecting social change

Peña did not accept the traditional roles of women in art in Native American culture, focusing primarily on two-dimensional works on paper rather than the more accepted pottery and ceramic mediums of her contemporaries.[3] Beyond the choice of art medium Peña's subject matter also pushed gender boundaries. At the time she was active, only men were allowed to portray living individuals in their work.[11] Her choice to have other's raise some of her children, so that she could focus on completing her education, and her career was uncommon during the time period within her tribe, and in America at large.

Critics

Critique of Peña can be found within the framework of studying "traditional" Native American art, versus "White patronage" supported art of Native American art.[12] Artwork made by Native Americans and collected by White patrons served no traditional function for in Native American communities.[13] Peña's critics were not only the established art world, but also her own tribe. Peña created watercolor paintings that recorded sacred rituals, much of the opposition to her work, came from her fellow tribespeople who felt these were inappropriate subject matters to portray and share outside the tribe.[3][14] Epitacio Arquero, Governor of the Pueblo and Peña's husband at the time of the most heated protests, defended the subject matter saying her paitings only depicted subject matter already visible to outsiders. Peña's work after event did change however, choosing only to focus on events that were not secret or private in their nature.[3]

Legacy

Native arts (traditional crafts, dance, music as well as modern techniques like Peña's pen and ink with watercolor on paper) was a factor in modern Euro-Americans' changing perspective of the aesthetic and spiritual value of Native American culture and identity.[13] Peña's artwork emphasized the role of women in everyday life and is credited with expanding the expectations of women in art by refusing to limit herself to the traditional female role of potter.[14] Her artwork is part of the collections at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, the Cleveland Museum of Art in Ohio, the Cranbrook Institute of Science in Michigan, the Heard Museum in Arizona, the Dartmouth College Collection in New Hampshire, Peabody Museum at Harvard.[11][14] She has continued to have national art exhibitions posthumously.[14] A crater on the planet Venus has been named after Tonita Peña.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Tonita Peña Pueblo Painter". Native American Art. 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d Ojibwa. "Indians 101: Art Museums Discover Indian Art". Native American Netroots, Daily Kos. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Jacobs, Margaret D. (1999). Engendered Encounters: Feminism and Pueblo Cultures, 1879-1934. U of Nebraska Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-8032-2586-2.
  4. ^ Goldberg, Jodi. "Tonita Peña". Famous Artists. ERCSD. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
  5. ^ "Native Artist Tonita Peña". Native Jewelry, Writing and Art. 2012. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
  6. ^ "Tonita Vigil Peña (1893-1949) Quah Ah". Adobe Gallery of the Southwest Indian. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
  7. ^ Wander, Robin (February 22, 2012). "Highlights from Stanford's Native American paintings collection are showcased in Memory and Markets: Pueblo Painting in the Early 20th Century". Stanford News. Stanford University, Cantor Art Center. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
  8. ^ Cort, Carol; Sonneborn, Liz (2002). A to Z of American Women in the Visual Arts. New York, NY: Facs on File, Inc. p. 174. ISBN 0-8160-4397-3.
  9. ^ Ojibwa (October 28, 2011). "Art Museums Discover Indian Art". Native American Netroots. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
  10. ^ a b "Tonita "Quah Ah" Pena Arquero". Find A Grave. June 19, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
  11. ^ a b "Lobby Exhibition". Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Harvard University. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
  12. ^ Jantzer-White, Marilee (Summer 1994). "Tonita Peña (Quah Ah), Pueblo Painter: Asserting Identity through Continuity and Change". American Indian Quarterly. 18 (3): 369–382. doi:10.2307/1184742. JSTOR 1184742.
  13. ^ a b Anthes, Bill (2006). Native Moderns: American Indian Painting, 1940–1960. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 0822338661.
  14. ^ a b c d Cain, Corinne. "Artwork by Tonita Peña". Savvy Collector. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
  15. ^ Cattermole, Peter (1997). Atlas of Venus. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 129. ISBN 0521496527.
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