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Transactive energy refers to the economic and control techniques used to manage the flow or exchange of energy within an existing electric power system in regards to economic and market based standard values of energy.[1] It is a concept that is used in an effort to improve the efficiency and reliability of the power system, pointing towards a more intelligent and interactive future for the energy industry.[2]

Transactive energy promotes a network environment for distributed energy nodes as opposed to the traditional hierarchical grid structure. The network structure allows for communication such that all levels of energy generation and consumption are able to interact with one another, a concept that is also known as interoperability. In transactive energy, interoperability refers to the ability of involved systems to connect and exchange energy information while maintaining workflow and utility constraints.[1] The network is exponentially more complex than traditional control of generating sources because the demand side of the grid offers millions points of control in contrast with an average 10 to 20 power plant points of control on the supply side.[3]

U.S.-based Efforts

Pacific Northwest Demonstration Project

The Pacific Northwest Demonstration Project is a 5-year U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) funded research and development project created for the purpose of exploring transactive energy concepts at the regional scale that was completed in June 2015.[4] The project participants included 11 utilities, two universities, and multiple technology companies to span five Pacific Northwest states: Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming.[4]

The project evaluated 55 different technologies that could help reduce energy use and power bills, including smart meters, advanced energy storage, and voltage controls.[5] It also tested and determined the potential benefits of transactive controls within a regional power grid. Transactive control is a technology developed by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) that entails "automatic, electronic transactions between energy providers and users about whether or not to sell or buy power."[5] In order to test this, transactive signals were used that would exchange information about predicted price and availability of power in real-time. This information was updated every 5 minutes. When peak power demand was predicted, the transactive control was designed to reduce power use. The project confirmed that transactive control technology works and can help improve energy efficiency and reliability, as well as reduce energy cost and encourage renewable energy usage.[5]

Public involvement was determined as a key parameter for smart grid deployment. Participants of the project emphasized the importance of customer engagement when new technologies are being implemented.[6]

The results of the project defined the next steps for implementing and improving transactive energy technologies. Several of the project participants have decided to continue smart grid programs on their own, even though the demonstration project is now complete, and new projects have also arisen from the results of the demonstration.[5]

GridAgents and Con Edison's 3G-System of the Future

The GridAgents™ Platform was created by David A. Cohen at Infotility, was initially funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, and implemented early Transactive Energy concepts to manage SmartGrid implementation such as the advanced demonstrations of the Infotility GridAgents software platform being deployed within Con Edison of New York's distribution system. The GridAgents software and applications were installed within Con Edison's 3G: System of the Future (3G/SOF) development efforts. The GridAgents™ software was used for large-scale integration of distributed energy and renewable energy resources into distribution systems with specific applications on SmartGrid based energy networks including Microgrid management, intelligent load control and smart charging applications, including photovoltaics & storage, load control, and future assets such as plug-in hybrid cars. The GridAgents™ Platform is an advanced software foundation (based on multi-agent system technology) designed to work in concert with Service-oriented Architectures and was designed natively to have resource agents and broker agents to allow scalable aggregation of energy-based grid assets enabling them to buy and sell services as well as implement machine learning and AI methods at the system edge. The architecture enables the deployment of communities and eco-systems of intelligent grid resources which can adapt to changing run-time conditions collaborate to solve complex problems, and flexibly accommodate new behavior through the use of plug-in architectures.[7]

GridSMART Demonstration Project

The gridSMART® Demonstration Project was implemented by AEP Ohio from 2009 to 2013. The project tested various new technologies for smart grid implementation on a local level including smart meters, distribution automation, volt-var optimization, consumer programs, plug-in electric vehicles, and smart appliances.[8] AEP utilized Grid Command, a tool that was developed in partnership with Battelle in order to model much of the gridSMART circuit layout.[9] The next steps for the next phase of gridSMART were identified to be upgrading current technologies in order to better manage supply, reduce costs, and minimize the number of customers affected by outages. This has been proposed through the installation of smart meter technology, distribution automation circuit reconfiguration (DACR), and volt var optimization (VVO).[8]

Testing included SMART Shift, a time-of-day rate plan that helps customers save money by load shifting and SMART Cooling, an air-conditioning technology that helps reduce peak demand in the summer.[10] During the project, eView was developed to assist customers in monitoring their electric use and costs as well as estimating current month usage to measure against their energy budget.[10] eView< is an in-home device that communicates with the smart meter through wireless technology and informs the consumer of the price of electricity and how much was being used.[11]

The project helped AEP Ohio in determining what methods and solutions would best help the company move forward in the growing industry. It was emphasized that customer experience and feedback is a very valuable and effective method of learning how to deliver electricity efficiently to customers.[10]

NIST Transactive Energy Challenge

The NIST Transactive Energy (TE) Challenge was designed to bring together researchers, companies, utilities and other grid stakeholders in order to explore the modeling and simulation platforms of TE, and the techniques that may be used to apply TE to real grid problems.[12] This challenge is intended to encourage and promote the development of modeling and simulation tools for transactive energy, as well as the development of a transactive energy community in which organizations and individuals can work together to share data and knowledge in order to cooperatively advance transactive energy.[12] It will demonstrate various transactive energy approaches and how it may improve the reliability and efficiency of the electric grid.[12]

Various teams were formed to explore different pathways for TE:[13]

The NIST TE Challenge is expected to be completed in September 2016.[12]

Europe-based Efforts

Energy Flexibility Platform and Interface (EF-Pi)

The goal of the Energy Flexibility Platform and Interface (EF-Pi) [16] approach is to decouple Smart Grid services from the customer appliances.

This opens up the markets and gives the customer freedom of choice in Smart Grid services. The End user should be able to combine it with all the connected appliances he already owns in his house, without losing control and ownership.

The EF-Pi is an open-source software platform that runs on low-power hardware located at a convenient place in the building. The EF-Pi communicates directly with smart appliances inside the building. The EF-Pi has an easy to use interface, which the end user can use to configure and control his own appliances and get insight in how his appliances are functioning.

The core of the EF-Pi is the Energy Flexibility Interface (EFI). The EFI is a generic interface which appliance manufacturers can use to describe energy flexibility, and which Smart Grid service developers can use to describe how they want to use this flexibility. The EFI effectively provides a common language for both sides, facilitating interoperability between all Smart Grid services and smart appliances.[17]

Standards

There are no current global standards to facilitate transactive energy. In the United States, the IEEE has a working group called P825 — Meshing Smart Grid Interoperability Standards to Enable Transactive Energy Networks to develop transactive energy guidelines.

References

  1. ^ a b Atamturk, Nilgun (October 2014). "Transactive Energy: A Surreal Vision or a Necessary and Feasible Solution to Grid Problems?" (PDF). www.cpuc.ca.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  2. ^ "Transactive energy: enabling a more intelligent, interactive grid". www.bpa.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  3. ^ Delony, Jennifer (11 September 2017). "A Transactive Energy Future: The Inevitable Rise of Economic-based Grid Control". Renewable Energy World. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  4. ^ a b "Can One Project Redefine Power Delivery?". www.greentechmedia.com. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  5. ^ a b c d "PNNL: News - Smart stuff: IQ of Northwest power grid raised, energy saved". www.pnnl.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  6. ^ Platform for a Modern Grid: Engaging the Customer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBaV8Zu6Dr0&feature=youtu.be
  7. ^ "GridAgents™: Intelligent agent applications for integration of distributed energy resources within distribution systems".
  8. ^ a b "Leading the Way to a Smarter Grid". www.aepohio.com. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
  9. ^ "AEP Ohio's $290M Plan Scales Up Meters and Distribution Automation". www.greentechmedia.com. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
  10. ^ a b c Waitkus, Dave. "AEP Ohio completes gridSMART Demonstration Project". AEP Retirees & Alumni. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
  11. ^ "Final Technical Report AEP Ohio gridSMART Demonstration Project" (PDF). www.smartgrid.gov. June 2014. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
  12. ^ a b c d NIST, US Department of Commerce,. "TE Challenge". www.nist.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ "TE Challenge". pages.nist.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
  14. ^ Saleh, M.; Esa, Y.; Mhandi, Y.; Brandauer, W.; Mohamed, A. (October 2016). "Design and implementation of CCNY DC microgrid testbed". 2016 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting: 1–7. doi:10.1109/IAS.2016.7731870.
  15. ^ "The Energy Mashup Lab".
  16. ^ "EF-Pi". Retrieved 2016-04-19.
  17. ^ Saleh, M. S.; Althaibani, A.; Esa, Y.; Mhandi, Y.; Mohamed, A. A. (October 2015). "Impact of clustering microgrids on their stability and resilience during blackouts". 2015 International Conference on Smart Grid and Clean Energy Technologies (ICSGCE): 195–200. doi:10.1109/ICSGCE.2015.7454295.
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