View source for Turkistan Islamic Party

{{Short description|Islamic extremist terrorist organization in China}}
{{About|the Islamist organization|the secessionist movement|East Turkestan independence movement|the Syrian branch of the Islamic Movement|Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox militant organization
| name             = Turkistan Islamic Party
| native_name      = {{lang|ug|تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى}}
| war              = 
| image            = Flag of Turkistan Islamic Party.svg
| caption          = 
| allegiance       = {{flagicon image|Flag of Taliban.svg}} [[Afghanistan|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] (only Asia branch) <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.afintl.com/en/202410090797|title=Many Jihadi Groups In Asia & Africa Pledge Allegiance To Taliban Leader, Group Sources|date=9 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2019/03/turkistan-islamic-party-head-decries-chinese-occupation.php|title=Turkistan Islamic Party head decries Chinese occupation|date=18 March 2018}}</ref>
| active           = 1997–present
| leaders          = {{Plainlist|
* [[Hasan Mahsum]]{{KIA}} (1997–2003)
* [[Abdul Haq al-Turkistani]] (2003–2010)<ref name="longwarjournal.org">{{cite web |url = http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/06/turkistan-islamic-party-emir-thought-killed-in-2010-reemerged-to-lead-group-in-2014.php |title = Turkestan Islamic Party emir thought killed in 2010 reemerged to lead group in 2014 |website = The Long War Journal |date = 11 June 2015 |access-date = 13 May 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160517205508/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/06/turkistan-islamic-party-emir-thought-killed-in-2010-reemerged-to-lead-group-in-2014.php |archive-date = 17 May 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/tip-leader-congratulates-attack-in-hotan-in-video.html |title=TIP Leader Congratulates Attack in Hotan in Video |publisher=[[SITE Intel Group]] |date=10 June 2015 |access-date=13 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011101548/https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/tip-leader-congratulates-attack-in-hotan-in-video.html |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Abdul Shakoor al-Turkistani]]{{KIA}} (2010–2012)
* [[Abdullah Mansour]] (2013–2014)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-attack-claim-idUSBRE9AM0B520131123 |work=Reuters |first=William |last=MacLean |title=Islamist group calls Tiananmen attack 'jihadi operation': SITE |date=23 November 2013 |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017075934/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/23/us-china-attack-claim-idUSBRE9AM0B520131123 |archive-date=17 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Abdul Haq al-Turkistani (2014–)
}}
| leader1_title    = Governing body
| leader1_name     = Shura Council
| motives          = An [[East Turkestan|Islamic state]] in [[Xinjiang]] and the entire Central Asia, eventually Caliphate<ref name="Moubayed2015">{{cite book |last=Moubayed |first=Sami |title=Under the Black Flag: At the Frontier of the New Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgjsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT161 |date=29 September 2015 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-0-85772-921-7 |pages=161– |access-date=23 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019214043/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgjsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT161 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| headquarters     = [[Idlib Governorate]], Syria {{small|(largest operation base)}}
| area             = {{plainlist|
* [[China]] {{small|([[Xinjiang]])}}
* [[Pakistan]] {{small|([[North Waziristan]])}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zenn |first1=Jacob |title=An Overview of Chinese Fighters and Anti-Chinese Militant Groups in Syria and Iraq |url=https://jamestown.org/program/an-overview-of-chinese-fighters-and-anti-chinese-militant-groups-in-syria-and-iraq/#.VX3kqEZGR9g |newspaper=Jamestown |access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref> {{small|(until 2017)}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bennett-Jones |first1=Owen |title=North Waziristan: What happened after militants lost the battle? |work=BBC News |date=8 March 2017 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-39191868 |access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref>
* [[Afghanistan]] {{small|([[Badakhshan]])}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarwar |first1=Mustafa |title=Taliban Increasing Presence In Remote Afghan Region Bordering China |url=https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-badakhshan-taliban-chian-uighur/29035817.html |newspaper=Rfe/Rl |date=14 February 2018 |access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref>
* [[Central Asia]]
* [[Syria]] {{small|([[Idlib Governorate]], [[Latakia Governorate]])}}<ref name="turkestan">{{cite web |url=https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/tip-division-in-syria-releases-video-promoting-cause-inciting-for-jihad.html |title=TIP Division in Syria Releases Video Promoting Cause, Inciting for Jihad |publisher=SITE Institute |date=6 June 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221942/https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/tip-division-in-syria-releases-video-promoting-cause-inciting-for-jihad.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Indonesia]]}} (2014–2016)
| ideology         = [[Decolonization]]<br />[[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Islamism]]<br />[[Islamic fundamentalism]]<br />[[Pan-Islamism]]<br />[[Separatism]]
| partof           = 
| clans            = [[Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Weiss |first1=Caleb |title=Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria shows more 'little jihadists' |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/09/turkistan-islamic-party-in-syria-shows-more-little-jihadists.php |website=Long War Journal |date=29 September 2016 |access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>
| allies           = {{plainlist|
* {{Flagicon|Al-Qaeda}} [[Al-Qaeda]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/06/turkistan-islamic-party-leader-remains-loyal-to-al-qaeda-criticizes-islamic-states-illegitimate-caliphate.php |title=Turkistan Islamic Party leader criticizes the Islamic State's 'illegitimate' caliphate &#124; FDD's Long War Journal |website=Longwarjournal.org |date=11 June 2016 |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829161249/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/06/turkistan-islamic-party-leader-remains-loyal-to-al-qaeda-criticizes-islamic-states-illegitimate-caliphate.php |archive-date=29 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Al-Qaeda}} [[Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan]] {{small|(splinter faction, allied with main faction until 2015)}}<ref name="Jamestown Foundation">{{cite news |url = http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=42416&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=13 |title = Beijing, Kunming, Urumqi and Guangzhou: The Changing Landscape of Anti-Chinese Jihadists |newspaper = Jamestown |publisher = [[Jamestown Foundation]] |date = 23 May 2014 |access-date = 24 October 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150712110547/http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=42416&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=13&cHash=3537435877336eb86052d24d34622e98#.VDSR9ek9Imw |archive-date = 12 July 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|AFG|1997}} [[Afghan Taliban]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2022/06/turkistan-islamic-party-leader-celebrates-eid-in-afghanistan.php |title=Afghanistan becomes again terrorist haven|date=16 June 2022 }}</ref> 
* {{flagicon|Syrian Opposition}} [[Free Syrian Army]] (during Syria involvement, sometimes) 
* {{Flagicon|Al-Qaeda}} [[Imam Bukhari Jamaat]] 
* {{Flagicon|Al-Qaeda}} [[Jamaat Ansarullah]] 
* {{Flagicon|Al-Qaeda}} [[Nusra Front]] (2012-2017)  
* {{flagicon image|}} [[Tahrir al-Sham]] 
}}
| opponents        = {{plainlist|
'''State Opponents'''
* {{flag|China}}
* {{flag|Pakistan}}
* {{flag|United States}}
* {{flag|Russia}}
* {{flag|India}}
* {{flag|Turkey}}
* {{flag|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}}
* {{flag|Syria}}<ref name="APNews">{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/591f9b238c84477b87cfac68bfe169fc/Chinese-jihadis%27-rise-in-Syria-raises-concerns-at-home |title=Chinese jihadis' rise in Syria raises concerns at home |date=22 April 2017 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=7 November 2020}}</ref>
* {{flag|Tajikistan}}

'''Non-state Opponents'''
*{{flagdeco|ISIL}} [[Islamic State - Khorasan Province]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/06/turkistan-islamic-party-leader-remains-loyal-to-al-qaeda-criticizes-islamic-states-illegitimate-caliphate.php|title=Turkistan Islamic Party leader criticizes the Islamic State's 'illegitimate' caliphate &#124; FDD's Long War Journal|website=www.longwarjournal.org|date=11 June 2016 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|InfoboxHez.PNG}} [[Hezbollah]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Syrian rebels pour men and missiles into frontlines|url=https://www.thefiscaltimes.com/latestnews/2015/10/13/Syrian-rebels-pour-men-and-missiles-frontlines|access-date=22 March 2021|website=The Fiscal Times|language=en}}</ref>}}
| designated_as_terror_group_by = {{plainlist|
* {{flag|United Nations}}
* {{flag|European Union}}
* {{flag|Argentina}}
* {{flag|China}}
* {{flag|Iran}}
* {{flag|Japan}}
* {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
* {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
* {{flag|Malaysia}}
* {{flag|New Zealand}}
* {{flag|Pakistan}}
* {{flag|Russia}}
* {{flag|Turkey}}
* {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}
}}
| size             = 1,000 in Afghanistan (2022 UN report)<ref>{{cite web |title=S/2022/419 |url=https://www.undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=S%2F2022%2F419&Language=E&DeviceType=Mobile&LangRequested=False |website=United Nations Security Council |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref>
<br/>4,000 in Syria
| battles          = {{plainlist|
* [[Xinjiang conflict]] (1997–present)
* [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
* [[Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
* [[Syrian civil war]]
* [[Operation Madago Raya]]}}
| website          = 
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Turkistan Islamic Party
| order = st
| s = 突厥斯坦伊斯兰党
| t = 突厥斯坦伊斯蘭黨
| p = Tūjuésītǎn Yīsīlán Dǎng
| c = 
| j = 
| mi = 
| ci = 
| altname = 
| uig = تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى
| uly = Türkistan Islam Partiyisi
| usy = түркистан ислам партийиси
}} {{History of Xinjiang}}
{{Campaignbox Xinjiang conflict}}

The '''Turkistan Islamic Party''' ('''TIP'''){{NoteTag|{{bulleted list|{{langx|ar|الحزب الإسلامي التركستاني|al-Ḥizb al-Islāmī al-Turkistānī}}|{{langx|ug|تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى|Türkistan Islam Partiyisi}}|{{langx|tr|Türkistan İslam Partisi}}|{{lang-zh|s=突厥斯坦伊斯兰党|p=Tūjuésītǎn yīsīlán dǎng}}}}}} is a [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] [[Islamic extremism|Islamic]] militant organization founded in Pakistan by [[Hasan Mahsum]]. Its stated goals are to establish an [[Turkestan|Islamic state]] in [[Xinjiang]] and [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Moubayed2015"/>

The Chinese government asserts that the TIP is synonymous with the '''East Turkestan Islamic Movement''' ('''ETIM'''). ETIM has been described by scholars as demanding total independence and supporting or being indifferent to more radical methods driven by religious and ethnic motives.<ref>{{citation |chapter=The Uyghur Movement in Exile |first=Güner |last=Özkan |editor1-first=Chris |editor1-last=Shei |editor2-first=Jie |editor2-last=Chen |title=Routledge Resources Online – Chinese Studies |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2023 |doi=10.4324/9780367565152-RECHS60-1}}</ref><ref >{{cite book |title=The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat |first1=J. Todd |last1=Reed |first2=Diana |last2=Raschke |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2010 |chapter=The Contemporary and Historical Contexts of Uyghur Separatism |isbn=9780313365416}}</ref>

Influenced by the success of the [[Afghan mujahideen]] against the Soviets in the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], the ETIP (later become known as TIP in 2001) was established in September 1997 by [[Hasan Mahsum]] in Pakistan. After 11 September 2001, the Chinese regime strove to include its repression of Uyghur opposition within the international dynamic of the struggle against Islamic terrorist networks.<ref name="Castets">{{cite journal |last1=Castets |first1=Rémi |title=The Uyghurs in Xinjiang – The Malaise Grows. After September 11th 2001, the Chinese regime strove to include its repression of Uyghur opposition within the international dynamic of the struggle against Islamic terrorist networks. |url=https://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/648#bodyftn34 |journal=China Perspectives |access-date=27 May 2020 |language=fr |doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.648 |date=1 October 2003|volume=2003 |issue=49 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Their slogans contained anti-Communist rhetoric and calls for uniting Turks, indicating a movement akin to Islamic pan-Turkism historically congruent with southern Xinjiang rather than pure, radical [[Salafi jihadism]] or religious extremism. The revolt lasted several days and was put down by the [[Chinese government]], which deployed significant forces to suppress the insurrection. The Chinese government viewed them as a [[jihadist]] movement akin to the [[mujahideen]] in Afghanistan across the border which gave birth to more radical movements such as the Party of Allah and the Islamic Movement of East Turkistan.<ref name="Castets"/>

The Syrian branch of the TIP is active in the [[Syrian civil war]] and are largely grouped in [[Idlib]].<ref name="JS">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep17494|title=Uighur Foreign Fighters: An Underexamined Jihadist Challenge |date=1 November 2017 |publisher=[[JSTOR]] |access-date=8 November 2020|last1=Clarke |first1=Colin P. |last2=Kan |first2=Paul Rexton }}</ref><ref name="APNews" />

== History ==
===Earlier groups===
Abdul Hameed, Abdul Azeez Makhdoom and Abdul Hakeem Makhdoom launched the ''Hizbul Islam Li-Turkestan'' (Islamic Party of Turkistan or Turkistan Islamic Movement) in 1940. They were killed, imprisoned or driven underground by the China by the late 1950s.<ref name="AcharyaGunaratna2010 1">{{cite book|last1=Acharya|first1=Arabinda|last2=Gunaratna|first2=Rohan|last3=Pengxin|first3=Wang|title=Ethnic Identity and National Conflict in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVDIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|date=22 June 2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-10787-8|pages=53–|access-date=29 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105035836/https://books.google.com/books?id=FVDIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> After being set free from prison in 1979, Abdul Hakeem Makhdoom instructed [[Muhammad Amin Jan]] and other Uyghurs in his version of Islam.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Acharya|first1=Arabinda|last2=Gunaratna|first2=Rohan|last3=Pengxin|first3=Wang|title=Ethnic Identity and National Conflict in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVDIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|date=22 June 2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-10787-8|pages=54–|access-date=29 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105035836/https://books.google.com/books?id=FVDIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Founding===
The East Turkistan Islamic Party (ETIP) was organised in Pakistan by [[Hasan Mahsum]] and Abudukadir Yapuquan in September 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/china-evolution-etim |title=China: The Evolution of ETIM |website=Stratfor.com |date=13 May 2008 |access-date=13 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011101634/https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/china-evolution-etim |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GunaratnaOreg2015">{{cite book |last1=Gunaratna |first1=Rohan |last2=Oreg |first2=Aviv |title= The Global Jihad Movement |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QrF_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 |date=1 July 2015 |publisher = [[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn = 978-1-4422-4542-6 |pages=244–}}</ref><ref name="Kashgarian 2020">{{cite web | last=Kashgarian | first=Asim | title=Uighur Diaspora Hails Removal of ETIM From US Terror List | website=VOA | date=26 December 2020 | url=https://www.voanews.com/a/extremism-watch_uighur-diaspora-hails-removal-etim-us-terror-list/6200004.html | access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> In 1998, Mahsum moved the ETIP (which China claims is the ETIM)'s headquarters to [[Kabul]], taking shelter under [[Taliban]]-controlled [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghanistan]].<ref name="Reed + Raschke">{{cite book |last1=Reed |first1=J. Todd |last2=Raschke |first2=Diana |title=The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat |date=2010 |publisher=Praeger |location=Santa Barbara |pages=68–72}}</ref>  The leader, Hasan Mahsum, was killed by a Pakistani raid on a suspected Al-Qaeda camp in [[South Waziristan]] in 2003, leading to the group's collapse.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3343241.stm |title=Chinese militant "shot dead" |work=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2007 |date=23 December 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818061849/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3343241.stm |archive-date=18 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kashgarian 2020"/>

However, ETIP resurged after the [[Iraq War]] inflamed mujaheddin sentiment.<ref>{{cite journal |title = East Turkestan Terrorism and the Terrorist Arc: china's Post-9/11 Anti-Terror Strategy |first=Pan |last=Guang |issn = 1653-4212 |date=May 2006 |journal=China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly |volume=4 |issue=2 }}</ref> The group was mentioned again in 2007, when China announced it raided its militants in [[Akto County]].<ref name="sf1" /> ETIM received material support from the [[Taliban]] and had links to the [[Pakistani Taliban]] (Tehreek i Taliban Pakistan),<ref name="Reed + Raschke" /> prompting China to urge Pakistan to take action against the militants in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nation.com.pk/03-Jun-2009/hu-jintao-urges-zardari-to-crush-etim-extremists |title = Hu Jintao urges Zardari to crush ETIM extremists |publisher=[[The Nation (Pakistan)]] |access-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130318083152/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/politics/03-Jun-2009/Hu-Jintao-urges-Zardari-to-crush-ETIM-extremists |archive-date=18 March 2013 }}</ref>

===From ETIP to TIP===
The new organization called itself the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) to reflect its new domain and abandoned usage of the name ETIP,{{when|date=August 2022}} although China still calls it by the name ETIM.<ref name="sf1">{{cite news |url = http://www.stratfor.com/memberships/116428/analysis/china_evolution_etim |title=China: The Evolution of ETIM |publisher=[[Stratfor]] |date=13 May 2008 |access-date=7 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090630051822/http://www.stratfor.com/memberships/116428/analysis/china_evolution_etim |archive-date=30 June 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Winterbottom">{{cite journal |last=Winterbottom |first=Vaughan |date=14 August 2013 |title=No end in sight to Xinjiang unrest |url=http://chinaoutlook.com/no-end-in-sight-to-xinjiang-unrest/ |journal=China Outlook |access-date=18 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925110632/http://chinaoutlook.com/no-end-in-sight-to-xinjiang-unrest/ |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Turkistan Islamic Party was originally subordinated to the [[Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan]] (IMU) but then{{when|date=August 2022}} split off and declared its name as TIP and started making itself known by promoting itself with its ''Islamic Turkistan'' magazine and Voice of Islam media in Chinese, Arabic, Russian, and Turkish in order to reach out to global jihadists.<ref name="hudson1">{{cite journal |last=Zenn |first=Jacob |date=24 June 2013 |title=On the Eve of 2014: Islamism in Central Asia |url=http://www.hudson.org/research/9824-on-the-eve-of-2014-islamism-in-central-asia |journal=Current Trends in Islamist Ideology |publisher=Hudson Institute |access-date=18 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915110232/http://www.hudson.org/research/9824-on-the-eve-of-2014-islamism-in-central-asia |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Control over the Uyghur and Uzbek militants was transferred to the Pakistani Taliban from the Afghan Taliban after 2001, so violence against the militant's countries of origins can no longer restrained by the Afghan Taliban since the Pakistani Taliban does not have a stake in doing so.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zenn |first=Jacob |date=2 October 2013 |title=Increasing Numbers of Central Asian Jihadists in Syria |url=http://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/12826-increasing-numbers-of-central-asian-jihadists-in-syria.html |journal=The Central Asia-Caucasus Analystb |access-date=18 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925120427/http://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/12826-increasing-numbers-of-central-asian-jihadists-in-syria.html |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tonyblairfaithfoundation.org/religion-geopolitics/glossary/taliban |title=The Taliban |publisher=Tony Blair Faith Foundation |access-date=13 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420055510/http://www.tonyblairfaithfoundation.org/religion-geopolitics/glossary/taliban |archive-date=20 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2013, the group announced it was moving fighters to Syria, its profile in China and even Afghanistan and Pakistan has decisively waned since then, while in Syria it has risen.<ref name="Divisions">{{cite news |url = https://jamestown.org/program/the-turkistan-islamic-party-in-double-exile-geographic-and-organizational-divisions-in-uighur-jihadism/ |title = The Turkistan Islamic Party in Double-Exile: Geographic and Organizational Divisions in Uighur Jihadism |website=[[Jamestown Foundation]] |access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref>

===Al-Qaeda links===
The TIP has links to [[al-Qaeda]] and affiliated groups such as the [[Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan]],<ref name="Jamestown Foundation2">{{cite journal |last=Zenn |first=Jacob |date=23 May 2014 |title = Beijing, Kunming, Urumqi and Guangzhou: The Changing Landscape of Anti-Chinese Jihadists |url = http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=42416&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=13&cHash=3537435877336eb86052d24d34622e98#.VDSR9ek9Imw |url-status=live |journal=China Brief |volume=14 |issue=10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150712110547/http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=42416&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=13&cHash=3537435877336eb86052d24d34622e98#.VDSR9ek9Imw |archive-date=12 July 2015 |access-date=24 October 2014 }}</ref> and the [[Pakistani Taliban]].<ref name="AcharyaGunaratna2010p2">{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FVDIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |title=Ethnic Identity and National Conflict in China |author1=A. Acharya |author2=R. Gunaratna |author3=W. Pengxin |date=21 June 2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |isbn = 978-0-230-10787-8 |page = 2 }}</ref> The US has designated it as having received "training and financial assistance" from al-Qaeda.<ref name="state.gov" />

[[University of Virginia]] associate professor Philip B. K. Potter wrote in 2013 that, even though "throughout the 1990s, Chinese authorities went to great lengths to publicly link organizations active in Xinjiang—particularly the ETIM—to al-Qaeda [...] the best information indicates that before 2001, the relationship included some training and funding but relatively little operational cooperation."<ref name="Potter 20132">{{cite journal |last=Potter |first=Philip B. K. |date=Winter 2013 |title=Terrorism in China: Growing Threats with Global Implications |url = http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/Portals/10/SSQ/documents/Volume-07_Issue-4/2013winter-Potter.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Strategic Studies Quarterly]] |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=71–74 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143728/http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/Portals/10/SSQ/documents/Volume-07_Issue-4/2013winter-Potter.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=9 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="state.gov">{{cite report |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/65479.pdf |title=Foreign terrorist organizations |publisher=U.S. State Department |page=237 |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606203730/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/65479.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Meanwhile, specific incidents were downplayed by Chinese authorities as isolated criminal acts.<ref name="sf12">{{cite news |url = https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/china-evolution-etim |title = China: The Evolution of ETIM |date=13 May 2008 |access-date=10 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143323/https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/china-evolution-etim |archive-date=12 June 2018 |publisher=[[Stratfor]] }}</ref><ref name="HRW">{{cite journal |date=April 2005 |title = Devastating Blows: Religious Repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang |url = https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/china0405/china0405.pdf |url-status=live |quote = Post 9/11: labeling Uighurs terrorists |journal=[[Human Rights Watch]] |volume=17 |issue=2 |page=16 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190417204133/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/china0405/china0405.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2019 |access-date=9 June 2018 }}</ref> However, in 1998 the group's headquarters were moved to [[Kabul]], in [[Taliban]]-controlled [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghanistan]], while "China's ongoing security crackdown in Xinjiang has forced the most militant Uyghur separatists into volatile neighboring countries, such as Pakistan," Potter writes, "where they are forging strategic alliances with, and even leading, jihadist factions affiliated with al-Qaeda and the Taliban."<ref name="sf12" />

However, according to the US Treasury, TIP member [[Abdul Haq al-Turkistani]] joined al-Qaeda's [[Majlis-ash-Shura]] (executive leadership council) in 2005<ref>{{cite web |first=Bill |last=Roggio |date=23 January 2010 |title=US airstrike killed 15 Turkistan Islamic Party fighters in Afghanistan |website=The Long War Journal |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2010/01/us_airstrike_killed_1.php |access-date=12 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704175315/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2010/01/us_airstrike_killed_1.php |archive-date=4 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> and TIP member [[Abdul Shakoor al-Turkistani|Abdul Shakoor Turkistani]] was appointed military commander of its forces in the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |first=Bill |last=Roggio |date=25 August 2012 |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2012/08/turkistan_islamic_pa_1.php |title=Turkistan Islamic Party leader thought killed in US drone strike |website=The Long War Journal |access-date=12 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411084016/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2012/08/turkistan_islamic_pa_1.php |archive-date=11 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Abdul Haq was considered sufficiently influential by the al-Qaeda leadership that he served as a mediator between rival Taliban factions and played a role in military planning.<ref name="Potter 2013">{{cite journal |first=Philip B. K. |last=Potter |title=Terrorism in China: Growing Threats with Global Implications |journal=[[Strategic Studies Quarterly]] |date=Winter 2013 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=71–74 |url=http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/Portals/10/SSQ/documents/Volume-07_Issue-4/2013winter-Potter.pdf |access-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143728/http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/Portals/10/SSQ/documents/Volume-07_Issue-4/2013winter-Potter.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the mid-2010s, TIP's relationship to al-Qaeda was still contested but they became more closely aligned and TIP leader head Abdul Haq confirmed loyalty to al-Qaeda in May 2016.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Clarke |first=Michael |date=7 September 2016 |title=Uighur militants infiltrating Indonesia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/chinas-terrorist-problem-goes-global/ |magazine=The Diplomat |access-date=14 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115132526/https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/chinas-terrorist-problem-goes-global/ |archive-date=15 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, according to the [[SITE Intelligence Group]], the al-Qaeda aligned al-Fajr Media Center began to distribute TIP promotional material, placing it in the "jihadist mainstream".<ref>{{cite web |url = https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Articles-Analysis/may09-sp-61553380.html |title=TIP Enters Jihadist Mainstream |date=15 October 2010 |publisher=[[SITE Intel Group]] |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150511211953/https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Articles-Analysis/may09-sp-61553380.html |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=13 May 2016 }}</ref> The East Turkestan independence movement was endorsed in the serial ''Islamic Spring'''s 9th release by Ayman Al-Zawahiri in 2016. Zawahiri confirmed that the Afghanistan war after 9/11 included the participation of Uighurs and that the jihadists like Zarwaqi, Bin Ladin and the Uighur Hasan Mahsum were provided with refuge together in Afghanistan under Taliban rule.<ref>Hua S. (July 2016) [https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/zawahiri-addresses-uyghur-muslims-in-ninth-episode-of-islamic-spring.html Zawahiri Addresses Uyghur Muslims in Ninth Episode of “Islamic Spring”] ''Site Intelligence Group''. Retrieved 4 December 2020.</ref>{{Vague|date=January 2021}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=New video message from Dr. Ayman al-Ẓawāhirī: "The Islamic Spring #9: Turkistān: Patience and Then Victory"|url=https://jihadology.net/2016/07/02/new-video-message-from-dr-ayman-al-%E1%BA%93awahiri-the-islamic-spring-9-turkistan-patience-and-then-victory/|access-date=11 April 2021|website=jihadology.net}}</ref> This was before the Bishkek Chinese Embassy Bombing.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/al-qaeda-the-turkestan-islamic-party-and-the-bishkek-chinese-embassy-bombing/ |magazine = The Diplomat |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161104163333/https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/al-qaeda-the-turkestan-islamic-party-and-the-bishkek-chinese-embassy-bombing |archive-date = 4 November 2016 |url-status = live |title = Al-Qaeda, the Turkestan Islamic Party, and the Bishkek Chinese Embassy Bombing }}</ref> The Turkistan Islamic Party slammed and attacked Assad, Russia, NATO, the United States and other western countries in its propaganda outlets such as the ''Islamic Turkestan'' magazine and its [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] channel.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Botobekov l |first=Uran |date=17 August 2016 |title=China's Nightmare: Xinjiang Jihadists Go Global |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/08/chinas-nightmare-xinjiang-jihadists-go-global/ |magazine=The Diplomat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202114805/https://thediplomat.com/2016/08/chinas-nightmare-xinjiang-jihadists-go-global/ |archive-date=2 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Afghanistan and Waziristan===
In February 2018, airstrikes were conducted by American forces in Afghanistan's [[Badakhshan Province|Badakhshan]] province against training camps belonging to the Taliban and the Turkistan Islamic Party.<ref name="The_Washington_Post_February_10_2018">{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2018/02/10/bombing-of-chinese-separatists-in-afghanistan-is-a-sign-of-how-trumps-war-there-has-changed |title= Bombing of Chinese separatists in Afghanistan is a sign of how Trump's war there has changed |newspaper= The Washington Post|date= 10 February 2018 |last= Lamothe |first= Dan |access-date= 11 September 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210502011856/https://washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2018/02/10/bombing-of-chinese-separatists-in-afghanistan-is-a-sign-of-how-trumps-war-there-has-changed  |archive-date= 2 May 2021 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 February 2018|title=U.S. Forces Target Taliban, Chinese Militants In Afghanistan|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-militants-chinese-taliban-targeted-us-forces/29028183.html|access-date=11 September 2021|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 February 2018|title=U.S. Airstrikes Target Terrorist Networks in Northern Afghanistan.S. Forces Target Taliban, Chinese Militants In Afghanistan|url=https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/1436093/us-airstrikes-target-terrorist-networks-in-northern-afghanistan|access-date=11 September 2021|website=U.S. Central Command}}</ref><ref name="Moon Cronk">{{cite news |url= https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/1435247/us-forces-strike-taliban-east-turkestan-islamic-movement-training-sites |title= U.S. Forces Strike Taliban, East Turkestan Islamic Movement Training Sites |newspaper= U.S. Dept of Defense|date= 7 February 2018 |last= Moon Cronk |first= Terri |access-date= 11 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 February 2018|title=U.S. forces in Afghanistan attack anti-China militants|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-usa-china/u-s-forces-in-afghanistan-attack-anti-china-militants-idUSKBN1FS23S|access-date=11 September 2021|website=Reuters}}</ref> Speaking with Pentagon reporters, [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] [[Major general (United States)|Maj. Gen.]] [[James Hecker|James B. Hecker]], commander of [[Resolute Support Mission|NATO Air Command Afghanistan]] was quoted "The destruction of these training facilities prevents terrorists from planning any acts near the border with China and Tajikistan. The strikes also destroyed stolen Afghan National Army vehicles in the process of being converted to vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices. ETIM enjoys support from the Taliban in the mountains of Badakhshan, so hitting these Taliban training facilities and squeezing the Taliban's support networks degrades ETIM capabilities."<ref name="Moon Cronk"/>

After the [[2021 Taliban offensive|2021 Taliban takeover]] of Afghanistan, TIP was removed from [[Badakhshan Province|Badakhshan]], as the new Afghan government seeks aid from China.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Taliban 'Removing' Uyghur Militants From Afghanistan's Border With China|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-taliban-uyghurs-china/31494226.html|access-date=23 December 2021|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=5 October 2021 |language=en|last1=Standish |first1=Reid }}</ref>

===Syria===
{{Main|Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria}}

TIP (ETIM) sent the "Turkistan Brigade" ([[Katibat Turkistani]]), also known as the [[Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria]] to take part in the [[Syrian Civil War]] as part of a network of al-Qaeda linked groups alongside al-Nusra, most notably in the [[2015 Jisr al-Shughur offensive]] where they were part of the [[Army of Conquest]] coalition.<ref>{{cite news |last=Weiss |first=Caleb |title=Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria involved in new Idlib offensive |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/04/turkistan-islamic-party-in-syria-involved-in-new-idlib-offensive.php |website=Long War Journal |date=23 April 2015 |access-date=9 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518122348/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/04/turkistan-islamic-party-in-syria-involved-in-new-idlib-offensive.php |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Turkistan Islamic Party had significant role in recent Idlib offensive |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/04/turkistan-islamic-party-had-significant-role-recent-idlib-offensive.php |website=Long War Journal |date=30 April 2015 |first=Caleb |last=Weiss |access-date=28 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721085324/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/04/turkistan-islamic-party-had-significant-role-recent-idlib-offensive.php |archive-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Joscelyn |first=Thomas |title=US counterterrorism efforts in Syria: A winning strategy? |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/09/us-counterterrorism-efforts-in-syria-a-winning-strategy.php |website=Long War Journal |date=29 September 2015 |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930083744/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/09/us-counterterrorism-efforts-in-syria-a-winning-strategy.php |archive-date=30 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> They have been described as well organized, experienced and as having an important role in offensives against President [[Bashar al-Assad]]'s forces in Syria's northern regions.<ref name="APNews" />

== Ideology ==
The [[Nine Eleven Finding Answers Foundation|NEFA Foundation]], an American terrorist analyst foundation, translated and released a jihad article from ETIM, whose membership it said consisted primarily of "[[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] [[Muslim]]s from [[Western China]]." The TIP's primary goal is the [[East Turkestan independence movement|independence of East Turkestan]].<ref name="NEFA">{{cite web |url = http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefatip0409-3.pdf |first=Shaykh |last=Bashir |title=Why Are We Fighting China? |date=1 July 2008 |access-date=7 August 2010|publisher=[[Nine Eleven Finding Answers Foundation|NEFA Foundation]] |quote = ...We are fighting China... China is an enemy who has invaded Muslim countries and occupies Muslim East Turkestan. There is no greater obligation, aside from belief in Allah, than expelling the enemies of Muslims from our countries.... We are fighting China to make them testify that 'there is no God but Allah, Mohammed is the Messenger of Allah' and make them convert to Islam....|url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120609143149/http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefatip0409-3.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2012 }}</ref> ETIM continues this theme of contrasting "Muslims" and "Chinese", in a six-minute video in 2008, where "Commander Seyfullah" warns Muslims not to bring their children to the [[2008 Summer Olympics]], and also saying "do not stay on the same bus, on the same train, on the same plane, in the same buildings, or any place the Chinese are".<ref name="afp">{{cite news |url = http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5g1YjsFvUQUmlI8lwzdQyoKzHogQA |title=Chinese Islamists threaten Olympics: US group |date=7 August 2008 |access-date=7 August 2010 |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111212192323/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5g1YjsFvUQUmlI8lwzdQyoKzHogQA |archive-date=12 December 2011 }}</ref>

== Structure ==
TIP is led by Abdul Haq al-Turkistani, who's the group's Emir and leader of the Shura Council.<ref name="ReedRaschke2010">{{cite book |author1=J. Todd Reed|last2=Raschke|first2=Diana|title=The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5I2b_hrJO8sC&pg=PA48|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-36540-9|pages=48–}}</ref> The Council also includes a Deputy Emir, and the heads of at least three groups: Religious Education Division, Military Affairs Division and Information Center.<ref name="ReedRaschke2010" /> There have also been reports of a Intelligence Division and a Logistics Division.<ref name="ReedRaschke2010" />

=== Media ===
In 2008, TIP's ''Ṣawt al-Islām'' (Voice of Islam) media arm was created and began releasing video messages.<ref name="Divisions" /> The full name of their media center is "Turkistan Islamic Party Voice of Islam Media Center" (Uyghur: تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى ئىسلام ئاۋازى تەشۋىقات مەركىزى; Türkistan Islam Partiyisi Islam Awazi Teshwiqat Merkizi).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.east-turkistan.tv/STRT-2/ |title = Sherqiy Türkistan Radio Téléviziyisi-East Turkistan Radio & Television – Uyghurche |website=East-turkistan.tv |access-date=13 May 2016|url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421215742/http://www.east-turkistan.tv/STRT-2/ |archive-date=21 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://uy.eastturkistan-gov.org/xewerler/ |title = Xewerler – Sherqiy Türkistan Jumhuriyiti Sürgündiki Hökümiti – East Turkistan Government in Exile |website=Uy.eastturkistan-gov.org |access-date = 13 May 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160415020717/http://uy.eastturkistan-gov.org/xewerler/ |archive-date = 15 April 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.east-turkistan.tv/STRT-2/?/tili/Uyghurche/ |title = Sherqiy Türkistan Radio Téléviziyisi-East Turkistan Radio & Television – Uyghurche |website=East-turkistan.tv |access-date=13 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160423085003/http://www.east-turkistan.tv/STRT-2/?%2Ftili%2FUyghurche%2F|archive-date=23 April 2016}}</ref>

=== Members ===
In October 2008, the [[Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China|Chinese Ministry of Public Security]] released a list of eight terrorists linked to ETIM, including some of the leadership, with detailed charges.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-10/21/content_7126503.htm |title = 'Eastern Turkistan' terrorists identified |agency = [[Xinhua]] |newspaper = [[China Daily]] |date = 21 October 2008 |access-date = 31 July 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110606063904/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-10/21/content_7126503.htm |archive-date = 6 June 2011 |url-status = live }}</ref> They are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Name''' || '''Aliases''' || '''Charges''' || '''Whereabouts'''
|-
| [[Abdul Haq al-Turkistani|Memetimin Memet]] (Memetiming Memeti)
| Abdul Haq
| Leading the organization, inciting ethnic tensions in 2006 and 2007, buying explosives, organizing terrorist attacks against the [[2008 Summer Olympics]]
| Thought to have been killed in [[North Waziristan]] [[drone attack]]<ref name="AlJazeera2010-03-02">{{cite news
| url = http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2010/03/2010328195748457.html
| title = Xinjiang fighter 'killed by drone'
| publisher = [[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]
| date = 2 March 2010
| access-date = 26 August 2012
| quote = The leader of a Chinese separatist movement, believed to have links with al-Qaeda, has been killed in a US missile strike, Pakistani and Taliban officials have said.
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100305224409/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2010/03/2010328195748457.html
| archive-date = 5 March 2010
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://neildoyle.com/tip-leader-killed-in-pakistan-drone-strike/ |title = TIP leader killed in Pakistan drone strike |publisher=Neil Doyle |date=1 March 2010 |access-date=13 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160124141044/http://neildoyle.com/tip-leader-killed-in-pakistan-drone-strike/ |archive-date=24 January 2016 }}</ref> Resurfaced in 2014<ref name="longwarjournal.org" />
|-
| [[Emeti Yakuf]] <br /> (Ehmet Yakup)
| Abu Abdurehman, Sayfullah, Abdul Jabar
| Threatening to use [[Biological warfare|biological]] and [[chemical weapons]] against servicepeople and Western politicians for the 2008 Olympics, disseminating manuals on explosives and poisons
| Killed in [[North Waziristan]] [[drone attack]]<ref name=NYTimes2012-08-24>{{cite news
| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/25/world/asia/us-drone-strikes-kill-18-in-pakistan.html
| title=Militant Leader Believed Dead in Pakistan Drone Strike
| work=New York Times
| date=24 August 2012
| access-date=26 August 2012
| quote=Among the 18 people reported to have been killed was Emeti Yakuf, a senior leader of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, a group from western China whose members are Chinese Uighur Muslim militants.
| first1=Declan
| last1=Walsh
| first2=Eric
| last2=Schmitt
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827012435/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/25/world/asia/us-drone-strikes-kill-18-in-pakistan.html
| archive-date=27 August 2012
| url-status=live
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Memetituersun Yiming]] <br /> (Memet Tursun Imin)
| Abdul Ali
| Raised funds for ETIM, tested bombs in the run-up to the Olympics
| Since 2008, [[Western Asia]]
|-
| [[Memetituersun Abuduhalike]]<br />(Memet Tursun Abduxaliq)
| Metursun Abduxaliq, Ansarul, Najmuddin
| Attacked government organizations, [[money laundering]] for ETIM operations, buying vehicles and renting houses for attacks
| Unknown
|-
| [[Xiamisidingaihemaiti Abudumijiti]] <br /> (Shamseden ehmet Abdumijit)
| Sayyid
| Recruiting for ETIM in the [[Middle East]], blew up a Chinese supermarket
| Unknown
|-
| [[Aikemilai Wumaierjiang]] <br /> (Akrem Omerjan)
|
| Assisted Xiamisidingaihemaiti Abudumijiti in the supermarket attack
| Unknown
|-
| [[Yakuf Memeti]] <br /> (Yakup Memet)
| Abdujalil Ahmet, Abdullah, Punjab
| Sneaked into China illegally to gather information on Chinese neighborhoods, a failed [[suicide attack]] against [[oil refinery]]
| Killed in [[North Waziristan]] [[drone attack]]<ref name="frc.com.pk">{{cite web |url = http://frc.com.pk/news/badruddin-haqqani-2ic-of-haqani-network-allegedly-killed-in-nato-attack/ |title = Badruddin Haqqani: 2IC of Haqani Network allegedly killed in NATO attack |publisher=FATA Research Center |access-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925202421/http://frc.com.pk/news/badruddin-haqqani-2ic-of-haqani-network-allegedly-killed-in-nato-attack/ |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>
|-
| [[Tuersun Toheti]] <br /> (Tursun Tohti)
| Mubather, Nurullah
| Organizing a terror team for the 2008 Olympics, buying raw materials for them and requesting chemical formulas for explosives
| Killed in [[North Waziristan]] [[drone attack]]<ref name="frc.com.pk" />
|}

== Guantanamo Bay detainees ==
{{Main|Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay}}

{{Wikisource|Allegations against the East Turkistan Islamic Movement, from Nag Mohammed, captive 102's Tribunal}}

The United States captured 22 [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] militants from combat zones in [[Afghanistan]] in 2006 on information that they were linked to [[Al-Qaeda]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.cfr.org/publication/9179/east_turkestan_islamic_movement_etim.html |title=The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM)|work=Backgrounder |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |first1=Holly |last1=Fletcher|first2=Jayshree |last2=Bajoria|date=31 July 2008 |access-date=31 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100803024638/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9179/east_turkestan_islamic_movement_etim.html |archive-date=3 August 2010 }}</ref> They were imprisoned without trial for five to seven years, where they testified that they were trained by ETIM leader Abdul Haq, at an ETIM training camp. After being found [[No Longer Enemy Combatant]],<ref name="gsec" /> i.e. never having been enemy combatants, a panel of judges ordered them released into the United States. Despite the alarm of politicians that the release of embittered former Guantanamo detainees into the United States was unsafe and illegal, the United States did not want to release them back to China as they were wanted on charges that included arson and illegal manufacture of explosives,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Poolos |first=Alexandra |date=2009 |title=Albania: Getting Out of Gitmo |url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/albania801/video/video_index.html |work=PBS FRONTLINE}}</ref> though ''[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]'' wrote that "It is believed that if the United States returned the men to China, they could be tortured."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=7423474 |title=Guantanamo Uyghur Detainees: Coming to America? |first1=Ariane |last1=de Vogue |first2=Dennis |last2=Powell |first3=Jason |last3=Ryan |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=24 April 2009 |access-date=31 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105102439/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=7423474 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Attacks and incidents==

{{Further|Xinjiang conflict#Timeline}}

* Between 1990 and 2001, Chinese government has attributed many different Uyghur groups including ETIP, after 1997, to over 200 acts of [[Islamic terrorism|terrorism]], which claimed 162 lives and over 440 injured.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Jan/25582.htm |title = "East Turkistan" Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away With Impunity |website = China.org.cn |date = 21 January 2002 |access-date = 15 February 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150321013012/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Jan/25582.htm |archive-date = 21 March 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> However, in many Chinese official statements "east Turkestan terrorist forces" are referred to rather than any specific group.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Acharya|first1=Arabinda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVDIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48|title=Ethnic Identity and National Conflict in China|last2=Gunaratna|first2=Rohan|last3=Pengxin|first3=Wang|date=22 June 2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-10787-8|pages=48|access-date=15 November 2020}}</ref>
* Between 1992 and 1998, four imams of mosques in Xinjiang were assassinated by different East Turkistan groups .<ref name="ETIM">{{cite book|title=The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat|first1=J. Todd|last1=Reed|first2=Diana|last2=Raschke|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2010|pages=59–61}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest|first=Michael|last=Dillon|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|page=23}}</ref>
* In 2007, ETIP militants in cars shot [[Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China|Chinese nationals]] in [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Pakistani Balochistan]],  which Pakistani authorities believed to be in retaliation for an execution of an ETIM official earlier that July.<ref name="newface">{{cite magazine |url = http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsAug2007/specrep3aug2007.htm |title = The New Face of Jihad |first=Massoud |last=Ansari |date=3 August 2007 |access-date=31 July 2007 |magazine=[[Newsline (magazine)|Newsline]] |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090610031612/http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsAug2007/specrep3aug2007.htm |archive-date=10 June 2009 }}</ref> 
* ETIM also took credit for a spate of attacks before the [[2008 Summer Olympics]], including a series of [[Car bomb|bus bombings]] in [[Kunming]], an attempted [[Aircraft hijacking|plane hijacking]] in [[Urumqi]],<ref name="gsec">{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/etip.htm |title=Eastern Turkestan Islamic Movement / Eastern Turkistan Islamic Party (ETIP) |first=John |last=Pike |website=GlobalSecurity.org |access-date=18 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003004502/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/etip.htm |archive-date=3 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> and an attack on [[paramilitary]] troops in [[Kashgar]] that killed 17 officers.<ref name="norway" />
* On 29 June 2010, a court in [[Dubai]] convicted two members of an ETIM cell for plotting to bomb a government-owned shopping mall that sold Chinese goods. This was the first ETIM plot outside of China or Central Asia. The key plotter was recruited during [[Hajj]] and was flown to Waziristan for training.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/TM_008_68.pdf |title = Uyghurs Convicted in East Turkestan Islamic Movement Plot in Dubai |work=Terrorism Monitor|date=22 June 2010 |access-date=31 July 2010 |publisher=[[Jamestown Foundation]] |last=Pantucci |first=Raffaello |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131104214304/http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/TM_008_68.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2013}}</ref>
* In July 2010, officials in [[Norway]] interrupted a terrorist bomb plot; one perpetrator was Uyghur, leading to speculation about TIP involvement. ''[[New York Times]]'' correspondent [[Edward Wong]] says that ETIM "give[s] them a ''[[wikt:raison d'être|raison d'être]]'' at a time when the Chinese government has... defused any chance of a widespread insurgency... in Xinjiang."<ref name="norway">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/10/world/asia/10uighur.html |title=Chinese Separatists Tied to Norway Bomb Plot |first=Edward |last=Wong |date=9 July 2010 |access-date=1 August 2010 |author-link=Edward Wong |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827030334/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/10/world/asia/10uighur.html |archive-date=27 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Several attacks in 2011 in Xinjiang were claimed by the Turkistan Islamic Party.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dawn.com/news/657452/turkistan-islamic-party-claims-western-china-attacks |title = Turkistan Islamic Party claims western China attacks - World |website = Dawn.Com |date = 8 September 2011 |access-date = 3 June 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042021/http://www.dawn.com/news/657452/turkistan-islamic-party-claims-western-china-attacks |archive-date = 4 March 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref>
* In October 2013, a suicide [[2013 Tiananmen Square attack|attack]] in [[Tiananmen Square]] caused 5 deaths and 38 injuries. Chinese police described it as the first terrorist attack in Beijing's recent history. Turkistan Islamic Party later claimed responsibility for the attack.<ref>{{cite web |title = Islamist group claims responsibility for attack on China's Tiananmen Square |website = [[TheGuardian.com]] |date = 25 November 2013 |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/25/islamist-china-tiananmen-beijing-attack |access-date = 9 August 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191205162003/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/25/islamist-china-tiananmen-beijing-attack |archive-date = 5 December 2019 |url-status = live }}</ref>
* In March 2014, [[2014 Kunming attack|a knife-armed group attacked passengers at the Kunming's railway station]], resulting in 31 civilians dead and +140 injured.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |title = China separatists blamed for Kunming knife rampage |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-26404566 |work=[[BBC News]] |date = 2 March 2014 |access-date=2 March 2014|url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140302052348/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-26404566 |archive-date=2 March 2014}}</ref> No group claimed responsibility. Chinese authorities and state media stated that the attack had been linked to TIP, while other sources were skeptical of this claim.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rti.org.tw/index_newsContent.aspx?nid=487805 |script-title=zh:新華社：昆明案涉新疆分離勢力 |trans-title=Xinhua News Agency: Xinjiang separatists involved in the Kunming attack |language=zh-TW |access-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317135119/http://news.rti.org.tw/index_newsContent.aspx?nid=487805 |archive-date=17 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="20140305voa">[http://www.voanews.com/content/train-station-attackers-were-trying-to-leave-china-for-jihad-official/1864422.html "Train Station Attackers Were Trying to Leave China for Jihad: Official"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304234927/http://www.voanews.com/content/train-station-attackers-were-trying-to-leave-china-for-jihad-official/1864422.html |date=4 March 2016 }}. [[Voice of America]] (5 March 2014)</ref>
*Between July and December 2014, a series of riots, bombings, arson and knife attacks in Xinjiang which led to the deaths over 183 people (including civilians, attackers and security forces) and left dozens injured. Chinese authorities attributed attacks to "gangs" and "terrorists".<ref name="BBC20140803">{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-28628332 |title=Xinjiang violence: China says 'gang' killed 37 last week |work=BBC News |date=3 August 2014 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180214233240/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-28628332 |archive-date=14 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nytimes3">{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Levin |title=At Least 50 Killed in Xinjiang Violence, Officials Say |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/26/world/asia/death-toll-in-xinjiang-violence-may-be-higher-than-reported.html |work=The New York Times |date=25 September 2014 |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180112214824/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/26/world/asia/death-toll-in-xinjiang-violence-may-be-higher-than-reported.html |archive-date=12 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="rfa">{{cite news |url = http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/attack-10182014194433.html |title=22 Killed in Farmers' Market Attack in Xinjiang's Kashgar Prefecture |publisher=[[Radio Free Asia]] |date=18 October 2014 |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141112201120/http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/attack-10182014194433.html |archive-date=12 November 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://news.yahoo.com/fifteen-killed-terrorist-attack-chinas-xinjiang-state-media-100747830.html |title=China says 15 killed in "terrorist attack" in Xinjiang |publisher=Yahoo! News |via=Agence-France Presse |date=29 November 2014 |access-date=15 January 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082620/http://news.yahoo.com/fifteen-killed-terrorist-attack-chinas-xinjiang-state-media-100747830.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Assassination of Juma Tayir]], a government-appointed Imam in Id Kah mosque was attributed to by the Chinese government to TIP-inspired militants.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://guardianlv.com/2014/08/xinjiang-china-government-appointed-imam-slaughtered-by-terrorists|title=Xinjiang China: Government Appointed Imam Slaughtered by Terrorists|first=Kimakra|last=Nealy|date=5 August 2014|access-date=26 August 2014|publisher=Guardian Liberty Voice}}</ref>
* On 18 September 2015 in Aksu, a group of knife-wielding terrorists [[2015 Aksu colliery attack|attacked sleeping workers at a coalmine and killed 16 of them]]. The Turkistan Islamic Party claimed responsibility for the attack.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=April 2016 <!--رجب - 1437 هـ--> |script-title=ar:عملية أظهرت عجز سلطات الصين |language = ar |trans-title=Operation showed the inability of the Chinese authorities |url = https://azelin.files.wordpress.com/2016/04/turkistacc84n-al-islacc84micc84yyah-magazine-19.pdf |magazine=تركستان الإسلامية (Islamic Turkistan) |issue=العدد 19 |page=25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160925210232/https://azelin.files.wordpress.com/2016/04/turkistacc84n-al-islacc84micc84yyah-magazine-19.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* On 30 August 2016, the Chinese Embassy in [[Kyrgyzstan]] was targeted in a suicide bombing which left Kyrgyz staffers injured; the attack was later attributed by Kyrgyzstan's state security service to TIP.<ref>{{cite magazine |last = O'Grady |first=Siobhán |date=30 August 2016 |title = Questions of Responsibility Loom After Attack on Chinese Embassy in Kyrgyzstan |url = https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/08/30/questions-of-responsibility-loom-after-attack-on-chinese-embassy-in-kyrgyzstan/ |magazine=Foreign Policy |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170204221521/http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/08/30/questions-of-responsibility-loom-after-attack-on-chinese-embassy-in-kyrgyzstan/ |archive-date=4 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dzyubenko |first=Olga |title=Kyrgyzstan says Uighur militant groups behind attack on China's embassy |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kyrgyzstan-blast-china-idUSKCN11C1DK |work=Reuters |location=BISHKEK |date=7 September 2016 |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170612111517/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-kyrgyzstan-blast-china-idUSKCN11C1DK |archive-date=12 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*On 14 February 2017, attackers killed 5 people in Pishan county before killed by police. Chinese authorities stated that the attackers were affiliated with TIP.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 February 2017 |title = Knife-wielding attackers kill five in China's Xinjiang: govt |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-attack-idUSKBN15U02F |work=Reuters |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171014073638/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-attack-idUSKBN15U02F |archive-date=14 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 February 2017 |title=China knife attack: Eight dead in Xinjiang region |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38977724 |work=BBC News |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180430082335/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38977724|archive-date=30 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
*On 14 July 2021, an attack killed 13 people, including 9 Chinese engineers who were working on the [[Dasu Dam]] in [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan]], Pakistan. Asia Times reported that a "joint China-Pakistan investigation" showed ETIM and [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|TTP]] colluded in the attack,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asiatimes.com/2021/08/taliban-wont-readily-cut-ties-with-anti-china-etim/|title=Taliban won't readily cut ties with anti-China ETIM|first=F. M.|last=Shakil|date=5 August 2021|website=Asia Times}}</ref> but Reuters and Al Jazeera reported that Pakistan blamed the TTP, with support from Afghan and Indian intelligence services, without mentioning ETIM. The claims were denied by both the Indian government and TTP.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shahzad |first1=Asif |title=Pakistan says attack that killed Chinese was a suicide bombing |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-foreign-min-says-bus-attack-that-killed-9-chinese-workers-was-suicide-2021-08-12/ |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=Reuters |date=12 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan links New Delhi, Kabul to bus blast that killed Chinese |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/12/pakistan-blames-india-afghanistan-for-bus-bombing |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Terrorist designation==
<!-- see link for inclusion of national bodies -->Since the [[September 11 attacks]], the group has been designated as a [[terrorist organization]] by the following countries and international organizations:

*{{flag|United Nations}}<ref name="UN-ETIM">{{cite web |url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan025885.htm |title=Governance Asia-Pacific Watch |date=April 2007 |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=23 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824082345/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan025885.htm |archive-date=24 August 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flag|European Union}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:02002R0881-20151010&from=EN |title = Consolidated TEXT: 32002R0881 — EN — 10.10.2015 |website = eur-lex.europa.eu |access-date = 25 August 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181211131757/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:02002R0881-20151010&from=EN |archive-date = 11 December 2018 |url-status = live }}</ref>
*{{flag|Argentina}}<ref name="arg-repet">{{cite web |author=Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación |title=RePET |url=https://repet.jus.gob.ar/#entidades |access-date=20 February 2020 |language=es}}</ref>
*{{flag|China}}
*{{flag|Japan}}<ref name="jp-list1">{{cite web |author=[[National Police Agency (Japan)]] |date=18 February 2022 |title=国際テロリスト財産凍結法第３条に基づき公告された国際テロリスト |url=https://www.npa.go.jp/bureau/security/terrorism/040218/040218.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302155009/https://www.npa.go.jp/bureau/security/terrorism/040218/040218.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2022 |accessdate=2 March 2022 |language=Japanese}}</ref>
*{{flag|Kazakhstan}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Omelicheva |first=Mariya Y. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ycYtCgAAQBAJ&q=kazakhstan+designated+organizations+islamic+party&pg=PA131 |title=Counterterrorism Policies in Central Asia |date=13 September 2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-92372-2 |pages=131–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fQ3AwAAQBAJ&q=kazakhstan+designated+organizations+islamic+party&pg=PA673 |title=The World Almanac of Islamism: 2014 |date=30 January 2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-1-4422-3144-3 |pages=673–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=J. Todd Reed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5I2b_hrJO8sC&q=kazakhstan+designated+organizations+islamic+party&pg=PA206 |title=The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat |author2=Diana Raschke |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-313-36540-9 |pages=206–}}</ref>
*{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}{{NoteTag|The Eastern Turkistan Islamic Party, Organization for Freeing Eastern Turkistan and the Islamic Party of Turkistan were outlawed by Kyrgyzstan's Lenin District Court and its Supreme Court in November 2003<ref name="Karagiannis2009">{{cite book |last=Karagiannis |first=Emmanuel |title=Political Islam in Central Asia: The Challenge of Hizb Ut-Tahrir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmKNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |date=4 December 2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-23942-8 |pages=67– |access-date=21 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527165026/https://books.google.com/books?id=vmKNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |archive-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Karagiannis2009 1">{{cite book |last=Karagiannis |first=Emmanuel |title=Political Islam in Central Asia: The challenge of Hizb ut-Tahrir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67uNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT112 |date=4 December 2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-23941-1 |pages=112– |access-date=21 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821164650/https://books.google.com/books?id=67uNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT112 |archive-date=21 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<ref name="newface" /><ref name="Lansford2015">{{cite book |last=Lansford |first=Tom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdWTBwAAQBAJ&q=list+uzbekistan+organizations+turkestan&pg=PA818 |title=Political Handbook of the World 2015 |date=24 March 2015 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4833-7158-0 |pages=818–}}</ref>
*{{flag|Malaysia}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.moha.gov.my/images/maklumat_bahagian/KK/kdndomestic.pdf |title=Individuals declared as specified entity |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.moha.gov.my/images/maklumat_bahagian/KK/kdndomestic.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*{{flag|New Zealand}}<ref name="nz-un-list">{{cite web |date=24 February 2020 |title=Lists associated with Resolutions 1267/1989/2253 and 1988 |url=https://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolutions-1267-1989-2253-1988 |access-date=2 March 2020 |publisher=New Zealand Police}}</ref>
*{{flag|Pakistan}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1051477/three-groups-active-in-xinjiang-banned |title=Three groups active in Xinjiang banned - Pakistan |website=Dawn.Com |date=24 October 2013 |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117162526/http://www.dawn.com/news/1051477/three-groups-active-in-xinjiang-banned |archive-date=17 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flag|Russia}}<ref name="3arabionline.com">{{cite web |url = http://3arabionline.com/?page=article&id=20680 |title = هؤلاء انغماسيو أردوغان الذين يستوردهم من الصين - عربي أونلاين |website = 3arabionline.com |date = 31 January 2017 |access-date = 29 August 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814135647/http://3arabionline.com/?page=article&id=20680 |archive-date = 14 August 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref>
*{{flag|Turkey}}<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url = http://en.people.cn/n3/2017/0803/c90883-9250745.html |title = Turkey lists "E. Turkestan Islamic Movement" as terrorists - People's Daily Online |date = 3 August 2017 |website = En.people.cn |access-date = 29 August 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152808/http://en.people.cn/n3/2017/0803/c90883-9250745.html |archive-date = 7 August 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/turkey-china-relations-strategic-cooperation-strategic-partnership|title=Turkey-China Relations: From "Strategic Cooperation" to "Strategic Partnership"?|website=Middle East Institute|language=en|access-date=31 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231131506/https://www.mei.edu/publications/turkey-china-relations-strategic-cooperation-strategic-partnership|archive-date=31 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thenational.ae/uae/government/list-of-groups-designated-terrorist-organisations-by-the-uae |title = List of groups designated terrorist organisations by the UAE |work = The National (Abu Dhabi) |date = 16 November 2014 |access-date = 19 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150506021530/http://www.thenational.ae/uae/government/list-of-groups-designated-terrorist-organisations-by-the-uae |archive-date = 6 May 2015 |url-status = live }}{{cite news |date=15 November 2014 |script-title=ar:مجلس الوزراء يعتمد قائمة التنظيمات الإرهابية |url=http://www.wam.ae/ar/news/emirates-arab-international/1395272465559.html |agency=[[Emirates News Agency]] (WAM) وكالة أنباء الإمارات |access-date=16 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117230142/http://www.wam.ae/ar/news/emirates-arab-international/1395272465559.html |archive-date=17 November 2014 }}{{cite news |date=15 November 2014 |title=UAE cabinet endorses new list of terrorist groups |url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2408700&Language=en |newspaper=[[Kuwait News Agency]] |access-date=16 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129034608/https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2408700&Language=en |archive-date=29 November 2014 }}{{cite news |agency=AFP |date=15 November 2014 |title=UAE blacklists 5 Pakistani groups among 83 as 'militant organisations |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/791818/uae-blacklists-6-pakistani-groups-among-80-as-militant-organisations/ |newspaper=The Express Tribune |access-date=16 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118025426/http://tribune.com.pk/story/791818/uae-blacklists-6-pakistani-groups-among-80-as-militant-organisations/ |archive-date=18 November 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.wam.ae/en/news/emirates-international/1395272478814.html |title=UAE Cabinet approves list of designated terrorist organisations, groups &#124; WAM |access-date=10 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160130052552/http://www.wam.ae/en/news/emirates-international/1395272478814.html |archive-date=30 January 2016 }}</ref>
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Martina |first1=Michael |last2=Blanchard |first2=Ben |last3=Spring |first3=Jake |editor1-last=Ruwitch |editor1-first=John |editor2-last=Macfie |editor2-first=Nick |date=20 July 2016 |title=Britain adds Chinese militant group to terror list |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-britain-security-idUSKCN1000PT |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814155741/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-britain-security-idUSKCN1000PT |archive-date=14 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="homeoffice">{{cite web |title=Proscribed terrorist groups |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2 |access-date=2 March 2020 |work=[[Home Office]]}}</ref>
Former:

* {{flag|United States}} <small>(until 2020):</small> The ETIM was formerly classified as a terrorist organization under [[Title 8 of the United States Code]] Section 1189 by the United States from 2002 to 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/143210.htm |title = Individuals and Entities Designated by the State Department Under E.O. 13224 |publisher = U.S. State Department |access-date = 4 August 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191111181851/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/143210.htm |archive-date = 11 November 2019 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="T.E.L.2">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123086.htm "U.S.Department of State Terrorist Exclusion List"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703163644/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123086.htm|date=3 July 2019}} (Retrieved on 29 July 2014).</ref> The [[United States Department of the Treasury]] confiscated the organization's property and prohibited transactions with it according to [[Executive Order 13224]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Individuals and Entities Designated by the State Department Under E.O. 13224 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/143210.htm |publisher=U.S. State Department |access-date=4 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111181851/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/143210.htm |archive-date=11 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> while the State Department blocked its members from entering the country.<ref>{{cite web |title = Terrorist Exclusion List |url = https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123086.htm |publisher = U.S. State Department |access-date = 4 August 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190703163644/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123086.htm |archive-date = 3 July 2019 |url-status = live }}</ref> The US revoked that classification for the ETIM in October 2020 on the basis that "there has been no credible evidence that ETIM continues to exist."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lipes|first=Joshua|date=5 November 2020|title=US Drops ETIM From Terror List, Weakening China's Pretext For Xinjiang Crackdown|work=[[Radio Free Asia]]|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/etim-11052020155816.html|access-date=5 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 November 2020 |title=US removes separatist group condemned by China from terror list |newspaper=[[DW News]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-removes-separatist-group-condemned-by-china-from-terror-list/a-55527586}}</ref> The U.S. State Department however continues to view the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) as a terrorist organization. A State Department Spokesperson told ''Newsweek'' that "Uyghur terrorists fighting in Syria and Afghanistan are members of the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP)," and that is "a separate organization that China and others have incorrectly identified as ETIM."<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Connor |first1=Tom |title=Islamic Terrorists or Chinese Dissidents? U.S. Grapples with Uyghur Dilemma |url=https://www.newsweek.com/islamic-terrorists-chinese-dissidents-us-grapples-uyghur-dilemma-1630952 |access-date=14 February 2024 |agency=Newsweek |date=21 September 2021}}</ref> China accused the US of double standards as it dropped ETIM from its terrorism list,<ref name="SCMP">{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3108910/china-could-face-greater-terrorism-threat-us-delists-east |title=China could face greater terrorism threat as US 'delists' East Turkestan Islamic Movement, experts say |date=7 November 2020 |publisher=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=7 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="VOA">{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/us-removes-anti-china-militant-group-terror-list |title=US Removes Anti-China Militant Group From Terror List |date=6 November 2020 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="SC">{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3108846/china-accuses-us-double-standards-it-drops-etim-terrorism-list |title=China accuses US of double standards as it drops ETIM from terrorism list  |date=6 November 2020 |publisher=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> while the US contends that the label has been broadly misused to oppress Muslims in Xinjiang.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hua |first1=Sha |title=China Irate After U.S. Removes 'Terrorist' Label From Separatist Group |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-irate-after-u-s-removes-terrorist-label-from-separatist-group-11604661868 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=6 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Roberts |first1=Sean R. |title=Why Did the United States Take China's Word on Supposed Uighur Terrorists? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/11/10/why-did-the-united-states-take-chinas-word-on-supposed-uighur-terrorists/ |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=Foreign Policy}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=China's foreign minister slams 'hurried' U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-secretary-state-discussed-afghanistan-with-top-chinese-russian-diplomats-2021-08-16/ |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=Reuters |date=16 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Analysis==
In 2009, [[Dru C. Gladney]], an authority on research on ethnic and cultural nationalism in  Asia, said that there was "a credibility gap" about the group since the majority of information on ETIM "was traced back to Chinese sources", and that some believe ETIM to be part of a US-China quid pro quo, where [[China]] supported the US-led [[War on Terror]], and "support of the US for the condemnation of ETIM was connected to that support."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/2009/0424/p06s04-wogn.html |title=Freed from Guantánamo, a Uighur clings to asylum dreams in Sweden |date=24 April 2009 |access-date=7 August 2010 |first=Rich |last=Clabaugh |newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809182810/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/2009/0424/p06s04-wogn.html |archive-date=9 August 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Uyghur American Association]] has publicly doubted the ETIM's existence.<ref name="uyghurcongress.org">{{cite web |url = http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/News.asp?ItemID=-520095990&rcid=-768458094&pcid=1110134820&cid=-768458094 |title = World Uyghur Congress |website = Uyghurcongress.org |access-date = 3 November 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006132416/http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/News.asp/?ItemID=-520095990&rcid=-768458094&pcid=1110134820&cid=-768458094 |archive-date = 6 October 2014 |url-status = live }}</ref>

Andrew McGregor, writing for the [[Jamestown Foundation]] in 2010, noted that "though there is no question a small group of Uyghur militants fought alongside their Taliban hosts against the [[Northern Alliance]] [...] the scores of terrorists Beijing claimed that Bin Laden was sending to China in 2002 never materialized" and that "the TIP's 'strategy' of making loud and alarming threats (attacks on the Olympics, use of biological and chemical weapons, etc.) without any operational follow-up has been enormously effective in promoting China's efforts to characterize Uyghur separatists as terrorists."<ref name="Jamestown Foundation 2">{{cite journal |last=McGregor |first=Andrew |date=11 March 2010 |title=Will Xinjiang's Turkistani Islamic Party Survive the Drone Missile Death of its Leader? |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=36144&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=457&no_cache=1#.VwuxPvkrJhE |url-status=live |journal=Terrorism Monitor |volume=8 |issue=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514005040/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=36144&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=457&no_cache=1#.VwuxPvkrJhE |archive-date=14 May 2016 |access-date=11 April 2016}}</ref>

On 16 June 2009, US Representative [[Bill Delahunt]] convened hearings to examine how organizations were added to the US blacklist in general, and how the ETIM was added in particular.<ref name="google.com">{{cite web |url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5izqnr8jZRqX1Taz8MSCFzUlS_Zjg |title = AFP: US lawmakers seek review of Uighur 'terror' label |agency=[[Agence France Presse]] |date=16 June 2009 |access-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140224144156/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5izqnr8jZRqX1Taz8MSCFzUlS_Zjg |archive-date=24 February 2014 }}</ref> Uyghur expert Sean Roberts testified that the ETIM was new to him, that it wasn't until it was blacklisted that he heard of the group, and claimed that "it is perfectly reasonable to assume that the organization no longer exists at all."<ref name="google.com" />{{Dead link|date=October 2014}} The [[Congressional Research Service]] reported that the first published mention of the group was in the year 2000, but that [[China]] attributed attacks to it that had occurred up to a decade earlier.<ref name="google.com" />{{Dead link|date=October 2014}}

[[Stratfor]] has noted repeated unexplained attacks on Chinese buses in 2008 have followed a history of ETIM targeting Chinese infrastructure, and noted the group's splintering and subsequent reorganization following the death of Mahsum.<ref name="sf2">{{Cite news |url = http://www.stratfor.com/memberships/120549/analysis/china_etims_direct_threat_olympics |title = China: ETIM's Direct Threat to the Olympics |publisher=[[Stratfor]] |date=25 July 2008 |access-date=31 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090525063747/http://www.stratfor.com/memberships/120549/analysis/china_etims_direct_threat_olympics |archive-date=25 May 2009 }}</ref>

In 2010, intelligence analysts J. Todd Reed and Diana Raschke acknowledge that reporting in China presents obstacles not found in countries where information is not so tightly controlled. However, they found that ETIM's existence and activities could be confirmed independently of Chinese government sources, using information gleaned from ETIM's now-defunct website, reports from [[human rights group]]s and academics, and testimony from the [[Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay]]. Reed & Raschke also question the information put out by Uyghur expatriates that deny ETIM's existence or impact, as the Uyghurs who leave Xinjiang are those who object most to government policy, are unable to provide first-hand analysis, and have an incentive to exaggerate repression and downplay militancy. They say that ETIM was "obscure but not unknown" before the [[September 11 attacks]], citing "Western, Russian, and Chinese media sources" that have "documented the ETIM's existence for nearly 20 years".<ref>{{cite book |title = The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat |last1 = Reed |first1 = J. Todd |last2 = Raschke |first2 = Diana |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2010 |pages = 14–16, 46–47 }}</ref>

In 2010, Raffaello Pantucci of Jamestown Foundation wrote about the convictions of two men linked to a ETIM cell in Dubai with a plot to attack a shopping mall.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Uyghurs Convicted in East Turkestan Islamic Movement Plot in Dubai|url=https://jamestown.org/program/uyghurs-convicted-in-east-turkestan-islamic-movement-plot-in-dubai/|access-date=11 April 2021|website=Jamestown|language=en-US}}</ref>

Nick Holdstock, in a 2015 ''[[New York Times]]'' interview, said that no organization is taking responsibility for attacks in Xinjiang, and that there is not enough proof to blame any organization for the attacks, that most "terrorism" there is "unsubstantiated", and that posting internet videos online is the only thing done by the "vague and shadowy" ETIM.<ref>{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Ian |url=https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/08/13/q-and-a-nick-holdstock-on-xinjiang-and-chinas-forgotten-people |title=Q. and A.: Nick Holdstock on Xinjiang and 'China's Forgotten People' - The New York Times |location=Xinjiang, China |website=Sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com |date=13 August 2015 |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819232107/http://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/08/13/q-and-a-nick-holdstock-on-xinjiang-and-chinas-forgotten-people/ |archive-date=19 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, David Volodzko wrote that the Al-Qaeda allied Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party members were fighting in Syria, and refuted and disproved the claims that Uyghurs were not in Syria made by "The Sydney Morning Herald", the Daily Mail, and Bernstein's article in the New York Review of Books.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Volodzko |first=David |date=8 March 2016 |title=China's New Headache: Uyghur Militants in Syria |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/chinas-new-headache-uyghur-militants-in-syria/ |magazine=The Diplomat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115132311/https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/chinas-new-headache-uyghur-militants-in-syria/ |archive-date=15 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Muhanad Hage Ali wrote on Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party jihadists in Syria for [[Al Arabiya]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ali |first=Mohanad Hage |date=2 March 2016 |title=China's proxy war in Syria: Revealing the role of Uighur fighters |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/analysis/2016/03/02/China-s-proxy-war-in-Syria-Revealing-the-role-of-Uighur-fighters-.html |newspaper=Al Arabiya English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115132037/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/analysis/2016/03/02/China-s-proxy-war-in-Syria-Revealing-the-role-of-Uighur-fighters-.html |archive-date=15 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, [[Uran Botobekov]] from ''ModernDiplomat'' has written about the Turkistan Islamic Party along with other Central-Asian jihadist groups in a report titled ''Think like Jihadist: Anatomy of Central Asian Salafi groups''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Think like Jihadist: Anatomy of Central Asian Salafi groups|url=https://issuu.com/mdiplomacy/docs/ghandbook09|access-date=11 April 2021|website=Issuu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Botobekov|first=Uran|date=29 May 2019|title=Think like Jihadist: Anatomy of Central Asian Salafi groups|url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2019/05/29/think-like-jihadist-anatomy-of-central-asian-salafi-groups/|access-date=11 April 2021|website=Modern Diplomacy|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Terrorism in China]]
* [[Xinjiang raid]]
* [[Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Reed, J. Todd; Raschke, Diana (2010). ''The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat''. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. {{ISBN|978-0-313-36540-9}}.

{{Clear}}
{{Al-Qaeda direct franchises}}

[[Category:Turkistan Islamic Party| ]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in China]]
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[[Category:Islamism in Pakistan]]
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[[Category:Islamic organizations established in 1997]]
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[[Category:East Turkestan independence movement]]
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