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Sznajd model

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Sketch of the 2 updating rules, social validation (top panel) and discord destroys (bottom panel), assuming that the two people in the middle have been chosen to be updated. Without loss of generality, red people (looking to the left) say no, blue people (looking to the right) say yes. The purple people can have either opinion.

The Sznajd model or United we stand, divided we fall (USDF) model is a sociophysics model introduced in 2000[1] to gain fundamental understanding about opinion dynamics. The Sznajd model implements a phenomenon called social validation and thus extends the Ising spin model. In simple words, the model states:

  • Social validation: If two people share the same opinion, their neighbors will start to agree with them.
  • Discord destroys: If a block of adjacent persons disagree, their neighbors start to argue with them.

Mathematical formulation

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For simplicity, one assumes that each individual  has an opinion Si which might be Boolean ( for no, for yes) in its simplest formulation, which means that each individual either agrees or disagrees to a given question.

In the original 1D-formulation, each individual has exactly two neighbors just like beads on a bracelet. At each time step a pair of individual and is chosen at random to change their nearest neighbors' opinion (or: Ising spins) and according to two dynamical rules:

  1. If then and . This models social validation, if two people share the same opinion, their neighbors will change their opinion.
  2. If then and . Intuitively: If the given pair of people disagrees, both adopt the opinion of their other neighbor.

Findings for the original formulations

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In a closed (1 dimensional) community, two steady states are always reached, namely complete consensus (which is called ferromagnetic state in physics) or stalemate (the antiferromagnetic state). Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulations showed that these simple rules lead to complicated dynamics, in particular to a power law in the decision time distribution with an exponent of -1.5.[2]

Modifications

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The final (antiferromagnetic) state of alternating all-on and all-off is unrealistic to represent the behavior of a community. It would mean that the complete population uniformly changes their opinion from one time step to the next. For this reason an alternative dynamical rule was proposed. One possibility is that two spins and change their nearest neighbors according to the two following rules:[3]

  1. Social validation remains unchanged: If then and .
  2. If then and

Relevance

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In recent years, statistical physics has been accepted as modeling framework for phenomena outside the traditional physics. Fields as econophysics or sociophysics formed, and many quantitative analysts in finance are physicists. The Ising model in statistical physics has been a very important step in the history of studying collective (critical) phenomena. The Sznajd model is a simple but yet important variation of prototypical Ising system.[4]

In 2007, Katarzyna Sznajd-Weron has been recognized by the Young Scientist Award for Socio- and Econophysics of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (German Physical Society) for an outstanding original contribution using physical methods to develop a better understanding of socio-economic problems.[5]

Applications

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The Sznajd model belongs to the class of binary-state dynamics on a networks also referred to as Boolean networks. This class of systems includes the Ising model, the voter model and the q-voter model, the Bass diffusion model, threshold models and others.[6] The Sznajd model can be applied to various fields:

  • The finance interpretation considers the spin-state as a bullish trader placing orders, whereas a would correspond to a trader who is bearish and places sell orders.

References

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  1. ^ Sznajd-Weron, Katarzyna; Sznajd, Jozef (2000). "Opinion evolution in closed community". International Journal of Modern Physics C. 11 (6): 1157–1165. arXiv:cond-mat/0101130. Bibcode:2000IJMPC..11.1157S. doi:10.1142/S0129183100000936. S2CID 17307753.
  2. ^ Sznajd-Weron, Katarzyna (2005). "Sznajd model and its applications". Acta Physica Polonica B. 36 (8): 2537. arXiv:physics/0503239. Bibcode:2005AcPPB..36.2537S.
  3. ^ Sanchez, Juan R. (2004). "A modified one-dimensional Sznajd model". arXiv:cond-mat/0408518.
  4. ^ Castellano, Claudio; Fortunato, Santo; Loreto, Vittorio (2009). "Statistical physics of social dynamics". Reviews of Modern Physics. 81 (2): 591–646. arXiv:0710.3256. Bibcode:2009RvMP...81..591C. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.81.591. S2CID 118376889.
  5. ^ "Young Scientist Award for Socio- and Econophysics". Bad Honnef, Germany: Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  6. ^ Gleeson, James P. (2013). "Binary-State Dynamics on Complex Networks: Pair Approximation and Beyond". Physical Review X. 3 (2): 021004. arXiv:1209.2983. Bibcode:2013PhRvX...3b1004G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.3.021004. S2CID 54622570.
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