View source for USS Argus (1803)

{{other ships|USS Argus|USS Merrimack}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
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|Ship image= American naval battles; (1837) (14741132336).jpg
|Ship caption=''Argus'' during the [[War of 1812]]
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|Ship country= United States
|Ship flag= {{USN flag|1803}}
|Ship name= USS ''Merrimack''
|Ship namesake=The [[Merrimack River]] in [[Massachusetts]] and [[New Hampshire]]
|Ship ordered=29 April 1803
|Ship builder=[[Edmund Hartt]]
|Ship original cost=$37,428
|Ship laid down=12 May 1803
|Ship launched= 31 August 1803
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|Ship commissioned= 6 September 1803
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|Ship renamed= USS ''Argus'' 4 June 1803
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|Ship namesake=[[Argus Panoptes]], in [[Greek mythology]] a monster with a hundred eyes slain by the messenger of the gods [[Hermes]]
|Ship launched= 21 August 1803
|Ship acquired= 
|Ship commissioned=  August or September 1803
|Ship decommissioned= 
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|Ship out of service= 1806 ([[in ordinary]])
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{{Infobox ship career
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|Ship in service= 1807 (returned to full commission)
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|Ship fate= Captured 14 August 1813
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|Ship type= [[Brig]]
|Ship tons burthen= 299 ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
|Ship length=*Gun-deck: {{convert|94|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
*Keel: {{convert|77|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam= {{convert|28|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}}
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|Ship hold depth= {{convert|12|ft|8|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship propulsion=Sail
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|Ship complement=142 officers and enlisted
|Ship armament=*2 × 12-pounder guns
* 18 × 24-pounder [[carronade]]s
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The first '''USS ''Argus''''', originally named '''USS  ''Merrimack''''', was a [[brig]] in the [[United States Navy]] commissioned in 1803. She enforced the [[Embargo Act of 1807]] and fought in the [[First Barbary War]]&nbsp;– taking part in the [[blockade]] of [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] and the [[Battle of Derna (1805)|capture]] of [[Derna, Libya|Derna]]&nbsp;– and the [[War of 1812]]. During the latter conflict, she had been audaciously raiding British merchant shipping in British home waters for a month, when the heavier British {{sclass|Cruizer|brig-sloop|1}} {{HMS|Pelican|1812|6}} intercepted her. After a sharp fight during which ''Argus''{{'}}s captain, Master Commandant [[William Henry Allen]], was mortally wounded, ''Argus'' surrendered when the crew of ''Pelican'' were about to board.

==Construction and commissioning==
The [[United States Congress]] authorized construction of the brig, originally named USS ''Merrimack'', the second U.S. Navy ship of that name, on 23 February 1803, and on 29 April 1803 the U.S. Navy contracted with the shipyard of [[Edmund Hartt]] at [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], to construct the ship. Edmund Hartt{{'}}s brother, Joseph Hartt, drafted the plans for the brig, designed with a [[flush deck]] and fine lines to optimize her for sailing conditions in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] [[Edward Preble]] was appointed superintendent of her construction, and her [[keel]] was [[Keel-laying|laid down]] at Hartt{{'}}s yard on 12 May 1803.<ref name="cressman64">Cressman, p. 64.</ref>

On 14 May 1803, two days after ''Merrimack''{{'}}s keel was laid, [[United States Secretary of the Navy]] [[Robert Smith (Cabinet member)|Robert Smith]] assigned Preble to duty as commanding officer of the [[frigate]] {{USS|Constitution}}, then at Boston, in addition to his duties related to ''Merrimack''{{'}}s construction. Smith informed Preble on 21 May 1803 that Preble was to take command of the U.S. Navy{{'}}s [[Mediterranean Squadron (United States)|Mediterranean Squadron]], which was to include ''Constitution'' and ''Merrimack'', and on 27 May ordered [[Lieutenant]] [[Stephen Decatur|Stephen Decatur, Jr.]] to take command of ''Merrimack'' and supervise her construction to allow Preble to focus on preparing ''Constitution'' for Mediterranean service.<ref name="cressman64"/>
[[File:Argus (1803).jpg|left|thumb|USS Argus (1803), circa unknown]]
Smith found that U.S. Navy officers disliked the name ''Merrimack'' for the new brig, and he directed that she be renamed ''Argus'', the first U.S. Navy ship of that name, on 4 June 1803. Although work on her construction proceeded quickly at first, Decatur reported on 11 July 1803 soon after arriving to take command that her construction had fallen behind schedule, although her builders assured him that she would be [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] before the end of July. Decatur recruited her crew and procured her armament from [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[Rhode Island]], but by the beginning of August 1803 heavy and persistent rains had delayed her launching by two weeks. Her launch day finally came on 20 August 1803, but the attempt to launch her failed when she did not move down the ways. After the ways{{'}} degree of incline was increased, ''Argus'' was successfully launched on 21 August 1803. Labor problems during her [[Fitting-out|fitting out]] then delayed her completion but, though no document recording the date of her [[Ship commissioning|commissioning]] has been found, she was in commission and ready for sea by early September 1803.<ref name="cressman64"/>

In service, ''Argus'' was reported to sail swiftly and easily, although prone to heavy pitching when lying to<ref name="cressman65">Cressman, p. 65.</ref> (i.e., when her sails were arranged so as to counteract each other). On more than one occasion, observers described her as a remarkably handsome ship.<ref>Cressman, pp. 64, 65.</ref>

==First Barbary War==
''Argus'' set sail from Boston on 8 September 1803, bound for the Mediterranean and service with the Mediterranean Squadron in the [[First Barbary War]]. She soon suffered a badly sprung [[bowsprit]] in exceptionally heavy seas, and Decatur put into [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]], Rhode Island, on 18 September 1803 to have it fixed, reasoning that repairs would be far easier in the [[United States]] than in the Mediterranean.<ref name="cressman65">Cressman, p. 65.</ref> She returned to sea on 28 September 1803<ref name="cressman65">Cressman, p. 65.</ref> and set a course for [[Gibraltar]], where she arrived after a [[transatlantic voyage]] on 1 November 1803. There, Decatur exchanged commands with Lieutenant [[Isaac Hull]], relinquishing command of ''Argus'' to Hull and relieving Hull of command of the [[schooner]] {{USS|Enterprise|1799|6}}.<ref name="cressman65">Cressman, p. 65.</ref>

''Argus'' made a brief cruise to the east and then, in accordance with orders from now-[[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] Preble, commander of the Mediterranean Squadron, returned to Gibraltar to watch the [[Morocco|Moroccans]] while the rest of the squadron sailed east to [[blockade]] [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]]. During the early part of 1804, she cruised the western Mediterranean in an unsuccessful search for a [[Ottoman Tripolitania|Tripolitan]] [[cruiser]] reportedly operating in that area. In March 1804, she received orders to join the rest of the squadron off Tripoli.

===Blockade of Tripoli===
[[File:Bombardment of Tripoli, 3 August 1804.tif|left|thumb|USS ''Argus'' (the third from the right) participating in the bombardment of [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], 3 August 1804, painting by [[Michele Felice Cornè]], 1752-1845]]
''Argus'' arrived at Tripoli in company with ''Constitution'' and ''Enterprise'' on 19 June 1804, but left the blockade late in the month to join a [[Neutral country|neutral]] ship at [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]], [[Sicily]], and escort her back to Tripoli with supplies for the captive officers and crew of the frigate {{USS|Philadelphia|1799|6}} which had been taken by the Tripolitans after she had run aground on an uncharted reef off Tripoli in October 1803.

''Argus'' resumed her blockade duties on 7 July 1804. At that point, Preble began preparations for a [[shore bombardment]]. Heavy weather, however, postponed the action until early August. On 3 August 1804, the squadron moved in to provide long-range support for the [[gunboat]]s and [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] boats actually engaged in the bombardment. The bombardment was considerably less damaging to the defensive works protecting Tripoli than hoped for, though the American gunboat crews boarded and carried several of the Tripolitan vessels sent out to engage them. The squadron conducted another ineffectual bombardment of Tripoli on 7 August 1804. Two days later, Commodore Preble embarked in ''Argus'' to reconnoiter Tripoli harbor. During that mission, Tripolitan shore batteries fired upon ''Argus'', and she was struck below the [[waterline]] by a single shot. Fortunately for her, the shot did not pass all the way through her hull, and she remained on station off Tripoli.

On 28 August 1804, the squadron conducted a third bombardment of the defenses of Tripoli in which its guns inflicted severe damage. A week later, on the night of 4 September 1804, ''Argus'' was among the ships that escorted the ill-fated [[fire ship]] {{USS|Intrepid|1798|6}} to the entrance of Tripoli harbor. When ''Intrepid'' blew up prematurely, killing her entire crew, ''Argus'' remained there to pick up survivors, but none had appeared by sunrise when she returned to her blockade station.

===Capture of Derna===
Through the winter of 1804–1805, ''Argus'' alternated between blockade duty off Tripoli and periods in port at [[Malta]] and Syracuse. In the spring of 1805, she participated in one of the more celebrated episodes of American naval history, the [[Battle of Derna (1805)|capture]] of [[Derna, Libya|Derna]]. During the preceding months, she had made several voyages to [[Egypt]] in support of [[Consul (representative)|Consul]] [[William Eaton (soldier)|William Eaton]]{{'}}s efforts to raise a force of men to take Derna in conjunction with the deposed [[pasha]]. After a march of over 600 miles (970&nbsp;km) across the [[Libyan Desert]] in what is now [[Libya]], the polyglot army&nbsp;– there were only 10 Americans in the whole force&nbsp;– arrived at Derna on 25 April 1805. ''Argus'' had met the army a day or two earlier at the [[Gulf of Bomba]] to provide provisions. Now, she made preparations to provide bombardment assistance for the landward assault.

Eaton{{'}}s force launched its attack on Derna on 27 April 1805. ''Argus'' and the schooner {{USS|Nautilus|1799|6}} anchored about half a mile (800 meters) to the eastward of the fortifications. The Tripolitans opened fire almost immediately upon ''Argus'' and the [[sloop-of-war]] {{USS|Hornet|1805 sloop|6}}, anchored quite a bit nearer than ''Argus'' and ''Nautilus''. By 14:45 that afternoon, gunfire from the ships silenced all of the guns in the city. A desperate charge led by [[United States Marine Corps]] Lieutenant [[Presley O'Bannon]] managed to carry the gun batteries by storm and breathed new life into the assault. After hoisting the [[Flag of the United States|American flag]] over the battlements, O'Bannon ordered the already loaded captured guns to be turned on the town. By 16:00 that afternoon, the entire town had fallen to Eaton's army, and the enemy fled to the hinterland. The capture of Derna has been immortalized in the words of the ''[[Marines' Hymn]]'' ("... ''to the shores of Tripoli''").

After Eaton's and O'Bannon's victory, a Tripolitan army, which had been sent to reinforce the town, arrived and began preparations to retake Derna. ''Argus'' remained offshore to provide gunfire support in the defense of the town throughout the occupation of Derna. When the Tripolitans finally assaulted the town on 13 May 1805, ''Argus'' joined in the fray and enabled the defensive forces narrowly to beat back the charging enemy troops. ''Argus''{{'}}s guns wreaked havoc among the enemy forces during their headlong retreat. Between that time and early June 1805, the Tripolitans made a few more half-hearted approaches during which ''Argus''{{'}}s long 12-pounders (5&nbsp;kg) came into play. However, things remained relatively quiet, for negotiations with the pasha in power were already underway. On 11 June 1805, orders arrived for Eaton{{'}}s force to evacuate Derna as negotiations had been concluded. The troops and the deposed pasha were embarked in ''Constellation'' that evening, and ''Argus'' and the other American ships quit the area.

==Operations, 1805–1812==
''Argus'' continued to cruise the Mediterranean until the summer of 1806. She returned to the [[United States]] at the [[Washington Navy Yard]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], on 13 July 1806 and was laid up there [[in ordinary]]. In 1807, she was fitted out at the Washington Navy Yard, returned to full commission, and began a series of cruises along the [[United States East Coast|Atlantic coast]] of the United States to enforce the [[Embargo Act of 1807]], which she continued through the outbreak of the [[War of 1812]] between the United States and the [[United Kingdom]] in June 1812.

==War of 1812==
After the outbreak of war, ''Argus'' continued her cruises off the U.S. Atlantic coast. During one cruise between 8 October 1812 and 3 January 1813, she captured six valuable [[Prize (law)|prizes]] and eluded an entire British [[Squadron (naval)|squadron]] during a three-day stern chase.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Petrie|first=Donald|date=Summer 1994|title=Forbidden Prizes|journal=The American Neptune|volume=54| issue = 3|pages=167–168|via=Archive.Org}}</ref> Through clever handling, she even managed to take one of the prizes as she was fleeing from the overwhelmingly superior British force.

===Capture by HMS ''Pelican''===

====Prelude====
Under the command of Master Commandant [[William Henry Allen]], ''Argus'' broke out of [[New York Harbor]] on 18 June 1813, eluding the British [[blockade]]. Her mission was not warlike to begin with; it was to deliver [[William H. Crawford]] to his post as Minister to the [[First French Empire]]. ''Argus'' arrived at [[Lorient]] in [[Brittany]], [[France]], on 11 July 1813, disembarked Crawford, and put out to sea again three days later to begin raiding British shipping in the [[English Channel]] and [[Irish Sea]]. During the next month, she captured nineteen [[merchant ship]]s. Rather than weaken his crew by sending the captured ships to American, French, or [[Neutral country|neutral]] ports under [[prize crew]]s, Allen set most of the captured ships on fire. The intense operations exhausted ''Argus''{{'}}s crew.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Roosevelt114>[[#Roosevelt1882|Roosevelt, 1882]] p.114</ref>

The shipping losses soon caused [[Maritime insurance|insurance]] rates for merchant shipping to increase greatly. The cargo on the sunken ships was worth about two million dollars.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The History of the City of New York|last = Lamb|first = Martha|pages = 639}}</ref> The [[British Admiralty]] sent orders to all available ships to hunt down ''Argus''. The British [[brig-sloop]] {{HMS|Pelican|1812|6}} had just arrived in [[Cork Harbour]] in [[Ireland]], having escorted a convoy from the [[West Indies]], and immediately put to sea again on 10 August 1813. ''Pelican''{{'}}s captain was Commander John Fordyce Maple, an officer who had joined the Royal Navy when twelve years old in 1782, two years before William Henry Allen was born.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[[#Dye1994|Dye, 1994]] p.150</ref>

On 13 August, ''Argus'' took two final prizes. One of them was from [[Oporto]], [[Portugal]], and was carrying [[wine]]. Both American<ref name=Roosevelt114/> and British<ref>[[#Forester1956|Forester, 1956]] p.134</ref> historians have suggested that ''Argus''{{'}}s crew looted some of the cargo, and that their debauched state affected their performance during the coming battle with ''Pelican''. As with ''Argus''{{'}}s previous captures, the Americans set fire to the prize; unfortunately for them, ''Pelican'' was near enough to sight the smoke from the burning vessel and make for it.

====Battle and capture====
At 05:00 on the morning of 14 August 1813, ''Argus'' and ''Pelican'' sighted each other five leagues (about 15 miles) west of [[St David's Head]]. ''Argus'' was the faster but more lightly armed vessel, with eighteen 24-pounder [[carronade]]s and a 12-pounder chase gun against the ''Pelican''{{'}}s sixteen 32-pounder carronades, one 12-pounder long gun, and two 6-pounder long guns.<ref name=Roosevelt115>[[#Roosevelt1882|Roosevelt, 1882]] p.115</ref> Allen could have used ''Argus''{{'}}s greater speed to escape. Instead, he accepted battle. Allen{{'}}s decision to accept battle against a heavier opponent stemmed from confidence gained while he was the [[First lieutenant#U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard|first lieutenant]] of the [[frigate]] {{USS|United States|1797|6}} when she captured the British frigate {{HMS|Macedonian}} on 25 October 1812; following his promotion he had said that he could "take any British 22-gun sloop-of-war in ten minutes."<ref name=":0" /><ref>James (1824), vol.6, p. 221.</ref>

The wind was from the south, giving ''Pelican'' the weather gauge (i.e. the [[Windward and leeward|windward]] position). Allen sailed westward on the port tack (i.e., with the wind to port) and opposed his port side battery to ''Pelican's'' starboard battery.<ref name=Roosevelt114/>

[[File:Boarding the Argus.jpg|thumb|The British prepare to board ''Argus'']]Four minutes after the ships exchanged their first broadsides, Allen lost a leg. His first lieutenant was also badly wounded, and ''Argus''{{'}}s rigging was badly cut up. ''Pelican'' tried to cross ''Argus''{{'}}s stern to deliver [[raking fire]] but ''Argus''{{'}}s second lieutenant, [[William Howard Allen]] (not related to the commanding officer), threw his sails aback to slow the American brig and instead raked ''Pelican''.<ref name="Roosevelt114" /> This did not fatally cripple the British vessel, and the two brigs continued to exchange broadsides, with ''Pelican'' now to leeward. After four more minutes, ''Argus''{{'}}s rigging was too badly damaged for the Americans to prevent ''Pelican'' from crossing ''Argus''{{'}}s stern and delivering several raking broadsides.
Finally, three-quarters of an hour after the action began, the two vessels came into contact, ''Argus''{{'}}s bow against ''Pelican''{{'}}s quarter. British boarding parties mustered, but before they could board ''Argus'' the Americans surrendered.

Unusually for the War of 1812, the American gunnery in this engagement was comparatively ineffective, although ''Pelican''{{'}}s sides were "filled with grapeshot" and two of ''Pelican''{{'}}s carronades had been dismounted.<ref name=Roosevelt115/> British gunnery was "at least of the standard which had brought victory in a hundred victories against the French."<ref>[[#Forester1956|Forester, 1956]] p.135</ref>

====Aftermath====
''Pelican'' and the captured ''Argus'' went in to [[Plymouth]], [[England]]. Allen died there of his wounds a week after the battle. He was buried with full military honors. The rest of the crew, including sailing master [[Uriah P. Levy]], were held as [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] in England for the duration of the war. 

In 1813, construction commenced for a replacement 18-gun brig ''Argus'' at the [[Washington Naval Yard]] — but the ship was destroyed in the [[burning of Washington]] the following year before it could be launched.<ref name=Roosevelt>{{cite book | last = Roosevelt | first = Theodore | title = The Naval War of 1812, or the History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain, Part II | publisher = G.P. Putnam’s Sons | date = 1902 | location = New York, NY | pages = 45–47 | url = https://archive.org/details/navalwarorhisto00roosgoog/page/n59/mode/1up?view=theater | access-date=August 2, 2022 | quote= On August 20th, Major-General Ross and Rear-Admiral Cockburn, with about 5,000 soldiers and marines, moved on Washington by land… Ross took Washington and burned the public buildings; and the panic-struck Americans foolishly burned the ''Columbia'', 44, and ''Argus'', 18, which were nearly ready for service.}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of ships captured in the 19th century]]
* [[Bibliography of early American naval history]]

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{DANFS|http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/a11/argus-i.htm}}
* Cressman, Robert J. "Historic Ships:'The Handsomest Vessel of Her Rate.'" ''Naval History'', June 2014, pp.&nbsp;64–65.
* {{cite book |last=Dye |first=Ira |title=The Fatal Cruise of the Argus: Two Captains in the War of 1812 |ref=Dye1994 |publisher=<br>Naval Institute Press |year=1994 |isbn=1-55750-175-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/fatalcruiseofarg0000dyei }}, [https://archive.org/details/fatalcruiseofarg0000dyei <!-- quote=dye, The Fatal Cruise of the Argus: Two Captains in the War of 1812. --> Book] <!--*[[#Dye1994|Dye, 1994]] pp.xx-yy  -->
* {{cite book |last= Dye |first=Ira |author-mask=2 |title=Uriah Levy: Reformer of the Antebellum Navy |ref=Dye2006 |year=2006 |publisher=<br>University Press of Florida |pages=299 |isbn=0-8130-3004-8}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=gj51QgAACAAJ Book]
<!--*[[#Dye2006|Dye, 2006]] pp.xx-yy  -->
* {{cite book |last=Forester |first=Cecil Scott |title=The Age of Fighting Sail: the story of the naval War of 1812 |url=https://archive.org/details/ageoffightingsai00fore |url-access=registration |ref=Forester1956 |publisher=<br>Doubleday, New York. |pages=296 |isbn=0-939218-06-2|date=1956-01-01 }}, [https://archive.org/details/ageoffightingsai00fore Book]
<!--*[[#Forester1956|Forester, 1956]] pp.xx-yy  -->
* {{cite book |first=William |last=James |title=The naval history of Great Britain, 1793 - 1827...Volume 6 |year=1837 |author-link=William James (naval historian) |publisher=<br>Richard Bentley, London |pages=586}}, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.92798 E'Book]
* {{cite book |first=Theodore |last=Roosevelt |author-link=Theodore Roosevelt |year=1882 |ref=Roosevelt1882 |title=The Naval War of 1812 |publisher=<br>G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York. p.&nbsp;541.}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqN9dD1BJ1sC E'Book]
<!--*[[#Roosevelt1882|Roosevelt, 1882]] pp.xx-yy  -->
* Smith, Joshua M. "'So Far Distant from the Eyes of Authority': Jefferson's Embargo and the U.S. Navy, 1807-1809," in William B. Cogar, ed. ''New Interpretations in Naval History: Selected Papers from the Twelfth Naval History Symposium'' (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1997), pp.&nbsp;123–138.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Argus (1803)}}
[[Category:Brigs of the United States Navy]]
[[Category:Ships built in Boston]]
[[Category:War of 1812 ships of the United States]]
[[Category:Vessels captured from the United States Navy]]
[[Category:Barbary Wars American ships]]
[[Category:1803 ships]]
[[Category:Captured ships]]