Unio crassus
| Thick shelled river mussel | |
|---|---|
| |
| Unio crassus from Lužnice River, Czech Republic | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Unionida |
| Family: | Unionidae |
| Genus: | Unio |
| Species: | U. crassus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Unio crassus | |
Unio crassus, the thick shelled river mussel, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels.
Ecology
As part of newly discovered reproductive behaviour, this mollusc crawls up to the edge of the water, exposing its excurrent aperture, and then lets loose a stream of water. The fountain of water often contains glochidia, and it is suggested that this spurting behavior may facilitate dispersal of mussel larvae[3] (video).[4]
Decline
The thick shelled river mussel declined during the 20th century everywhere in Europe due to deteriorating water quality,[5] habitat fragmentation and host fish limitation.[6]
Distribution
Its native distribution is Europe and Western Asia.[1][7]
- It is mentioned in annexes II and IV of Habitats Directive.
- Croatia
- Czech Republic - in Bohemia, in Moravia,[8] endangered (EN).[9][10] Its conservation status in 2004-06 was unfavourable (U2) according to a report for the European Commission in accordance with the Habitats Directive.[11]
- Finland - in southern Finland. Vulnerable.[12]
- France[13]
- Germany - critically endangered (vom Aussterben bedroht)[14] In Germany this bivalve has disappeared from 90% of its former range.
- Netherlands - locally extinct. In the Netherlands it has not been seen alive after 1968 and is most likely extinct in that country.[15][16]
- Poland - endangered[17]
- Slovakia - nearly threatened[18]
- Sweden - very rare[19]
- Denmark - very rare[20]
References
- ^ a b Template:IUCN2012.2
- ^ "Unio crassus Philipsson in Retzius, 1788". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
- ^ Vicentini, Heinrich (2005-11-01). "Unusual spurting behaviour of the freshwater mussel Unio crassus". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 71 (4): 409–410. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyi045. ISSN 0260-1230.
- ^ Karel Douda (2017-10-26), Spurting Mussel (Unio crassus), retrieved 2017-10-26
- ^ Douda, Karel (2010). "Effects of nitrate nitrogen pollution on Central European unionid bivalves revealed by distributional data and acute toxicity testing". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 20 (2): 189–197. doi:10.1002/aqc.1076.
- ^ Douda, Karel; Horký, P.; Bílý, M.; Gompper, Matthew; Johnson, Jerald (2012). "Host limitation of the thick-shelled river mussel: identifying the threats to declining affiliate species". Animal Conservation. 15 (5): 536–544. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00546.x.
- ^ "Unio crassus Philipson, 1788". Fauna Europaea. Fauna Europaea Secretariat, Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
- ^ Template:Cs icon Horsák M., Juřičková L., Beran L., Čejka T. & Dvořák L. (2010). "Komentovaný seznam měkkýšů zjištěných ve volné přírodě České a Slovenské republiky. [Annotated list of mollusc species recorded outdoors in the Czech and Slovak Republics]". Malacologica Bohemoslovaca, Suppl. 1: 1-37. PDF.
- ^ Juřičková L., Horsák M. & Beran L., 2001: Check-list of the molluscs (Mollusca) of the Czech Republic. Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem., 65: 25-40.
- ^ Red List of the molluscs (Mollusca) of the Czech Republic http://mollusca.sav.sk/malacology/redlist.htm
- ^ Dušek J., Hošek M. & Kolářová J. (2007) Hodnotící zpráva o stavu z hlediska ochrany evropsky významných druhů a typů přírodních stanovišť v České republice za rok 2004-2006. - Ochrana přírody, 62(5): appendix 5:I-IV. (in Czech language)
- ^ "Threatened and Near Threatened molluscs". 2001. Archived from the original on 2013-05-11.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Recherche de sites par espèce: Invertébrés: Unio crassus (Unio crassus)". 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-09-21. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Glöer P. & Meier-Brook C. (2003) Süsswassermollusken. DJN, pp. 134, strana 109, ISBN 3-923376-02-2
- ^ MinLNV>Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality - Nature Law - Bataafse stroommossel (Unio crassus). Accessed at the ministries website[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Anemoon > Flora en Fauna > Soorteninformatie". www.anemoon.org.
- ^ Polish Red Data Book of Animals http://www.iop.krakow.pl/pckz/opis.asp?id=130&je=en
- ^ Template:Cs icon Měkkýši (Mollusca) České republiky a Slovenska Archived 2012-05-29 at archive.today
- ^ "Thick shelled river mussel - Naturhistoriska riksmuseet". Archived from the original on 2007-03-13. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Licensinfo - Habitatarter.dk". www.habitatarter.dk.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thick shelled river mussel.