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{{No footnotes|date=July 2012}}
{{Infobox election
|election_name = United States Presidential Election, 1856
| country = United States
| flag_year = 1851
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = United States presidential election, 1852
| previous_year = 1852
| next_election = United States presidential election, 1860
| next_year = 1860
| election_date = November 4, 1856
| image1 = [[Image:JamesBuchanan crop.jpg|117px]]
| nominee1 = '''[[James Buchanan]]'''
| party1 = Democratic Party (United States)
| home_state1 = [[Pennsylvania]]
| running_mate1 = '''[[John C. Breckinridge]]'''
| electoral_vote1 = '''174'''
| states_carried1 = '''19'''
| popular_vote1 = '''1,836,072'''
| percentage1 = '''45.3%'''
| image2 = [[Image:JohnCFrémont.png|110px]]
| nominee2 = [[John C. Frémont]]
| party2 = Republican Party (United States)
| home_state2 = [[California]]
| running_mate2 = [[William L. Dayton]]
| electoral_vote2 = 114
| states_carried2 = 11
| popular_vote2 = 1,342,345
| percentage2 = 33.1%
| image3 = [[Image:MillardFillmore1857.png|124px]]
| nominee3 = [[Millard Fillmore]]
| party3 = Know-Nothing
| home_state3 = [[New York]]
| running_mate3 = [[Andrew Jackson Donelson|Andrew J. Donelson]]
| electoral_vote3 = 8
| states_carried3 = 1
| popular_vote3 = 873,053
| percentage3 = 21.6%
| map_image = ElectoralCollege1856.svg
| map_size = 350px
| map_caption = Presidential election results map. <span style="color:#698DC5;">'''Blue'''</span> denotes states won by Buchanan/Breckinridge, <span style="color:#F07763;">'''Red'''</span> denotes those won by Frémont & Dayton, and <span style="color:#CCCCCC;">'''Grey'''</span> denotes those won by Fillmore & Donelson. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
| title = President
| before_election = [[Franklin Pierce]]
| before_party = Democratic Party (United States)
| after_election = [[James Buchanan]]
| after_party = Democratic Party (United States)
}}

The '''United States presidential election of 1856''' was the 18th quadrennial [[United States presidential election|presidential election]]. It was held on Tuesday, November 4, 1856. It was an unusually heated contest that led to the election of [[James Buchanan]], the [[United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom]]. The [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]], which had been one of the two major parties in the U.S., had disintegrated since the 1852 election over the issue of slavery, and new parties such as the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] and [[Know Nothing|American Party, or "Know Nothing Party"]] competed to replace it as a major party.

Incumbent president [[Franklin Pierce]] was defeated in his effort to be renominated by the Democratic Party, which selected Buchanan of Pennsylvania instead. This was due in part to the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854, which had divided the Democrats into Northern Democrats and Southern Democrats. The Republican Party nominated [[John C. Frémont]] of California as its first presidential candidate; Senator [[William H. Seward]] sought, but failed to receive the Republican nomination. The Know-Nothing Party nominated former President [[Millard Fillmore]], of New York.

Republican Frémont condemned the [[Kansas–Nebraska Act]] and crusaded against the expansion of slavery, while Buchanan, a Democrat, warned that the Republicans were extremists whose victory would lead to civil war. The Democrats endorsed the [[Popular sovereignty in the United States|popular sovereignty]] approach to slavery expansion embodied by the Kansas–Nebraska Act. The platform of the Know Nothing Party ignored the slavery issue in favor of anti-immigration policies. Fillmore received a little over a fifth of the vote.

Frémont received less than 600 popular votes in the slave states, with all of these coming from Delaware and Maryland. The results in the Electoral College indicated that the Republican Party would probably win the next presidential election, in 1860, if it won just two more states, such as Pennsylvania and Illinois.

== Nominations ==
The 1856 presidential election was primarily waged among three political parties, though other parties had been active in the spring of the year. The conventions of these parties are considered below in chronological order.

=== American Party nomination ===
American Party candidates

* [[Millard Fillmore]], former President of the United States from [[New York]]
* [[George Law (financier)|George Law]], steamboat entrepreneur from New York

==== American Party candidates gallery ====
<gallery>
Image:MillardFillmore1857.png|[[President of the United States|Former President]] '''[[Millard Fillmore]]''' of [[New York]]
Image:GeorgeLaw.png|Steamboat [[Entrepreneur]] '''[[George Law (financier)|George Law]]''' of [[New York]]
</gallery>

[[Image:Fillmore2.JPG|thumb|right|170px|1856 Know-Nothing campaign poster]]
The American Party, formerly the Native American Party, was the vehicle of the [[Know Nothing]] movement. The American Party absorbed most of the former Whig Party in 1854, and by 1855 it had established itself as the chief opposition party to the Democrats. In the 82 races for U.S. House in 1854, the American Party ran 76 candidates, 35 of whom won. None of the six Independents or Whigs who ran in these races was elected. The party then succeeded in electing [[Nathaniel P. Banks]] as Speaker of the House in the 34th Congress.

The American National Convention was held in National Hall in [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], on February 22 to February 25, 1856. Following the decision by party leaders in 1855 not to press the slavery issue, the convention had to decide how to deal with the Ohio Party, which was vocally anti-slavery. The convention closed the Ohio chapter and re-opened it under more moderate leadership. The more vigorous anti-slavery delegates bolted. Former President [[Millard Fillmore]] was nominated for president with 179 votes out of the 234 votes cast. The convention chose [[Andrew Jackson Donelson]] of [[Tennessee]] for vice-president with 181 votes to 30 scattered votes and 24 abstentions.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+ Convention vote
|-
! Presidential Ballots
! Informal 1
! Formal 2
! Vice Presidential Ballot
!
|-
| align=left | [[Millard Fillmore]]
| 139
| 179
| align=left | [[Andrew Jackson Donelson]]
| 181
|-
| align=left | [[George Law (financier)|George Law]]
| 27
| 35
| Scattering
| 18
|-
| align=left | [[Garrett Davis]]
| 18
| 8
| [[Henry J. Gardiner]]
| 12
|-
| align=left | [[Kenneth Rayner]]
| 14
| 2
|-
| align=left | [[John McLean]]
| 13
| 1
|-
| align=left | [[Robert F. Stockton]]
| 8
| 2
|-
| align=left | [[Sam Houston]]
| 6
| 4
|-
| align=left | [[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]]
| 5
| 2
|-
| align=left | [[Erastus Brooks]]
| 2
| 1
|-
| align=left | [[Lewis D. Campbell]]
| 1
| 0
|-
| align=left | [[John Middleton Clayton]]
| 1
| 0
|}

===Democratic Party nomination===
{{Main|1856 Democratic National Convention}}
Democratic candidates:
*[[James Buchanan]], Minister to Great Britain from [[Pennsylvania]]
*[[Franklin Pierce]], President of the United States from [[New Hampshire]]
*[[Stephen Douglas]], U.S. Senator from [[Illinois]]

==== Democratic candidates gallery ====
<gallery>
Image:JamesBuchanan_crop.jpg|[[United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom|Minister to Great Britain]] and former [[United States Secretary of State]] '''[[James Buchanan]]''' of [[Pennsylvania]]
Image:FranklinPierce.png|[[President of the United States|President]] '''[[Franklin Pierce]]''' of [[New Hampshire]]
File:StephenArnoldDouglas.png|[[United States Senate|Senator]] '''[[Stephen A. Douglas]]''' of [[Illinois]]
</gallery>

[[Image:1856DemocraticPoster.png|thumb|right|300px|Buchanan/Breckinridge campaign poster]]
The [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] was wounded from its devastating losses in the 1854-1855 midterm elections. U.S. Senator [[Stephen A. Douglas]] of Illinois, who had sponsored the Kansas-Nebraska Act, entered the race in opposition to President Franklin Pierce. The Pennsylvania delegation continued to sponsor its favorite son, [[James Buchanan]].

The 7th Democratic National Convention was held in Smith and Nixon's Hall in [[Cincinnati|Cincinnati, Ohio]], on June 2 to June 6, 1856. The delegates were deeply divided over slavery. For the first time in American history, a man who had been elected president was denied re-nomination after seeking it. On the first ballot, Buchanan placed first with 135.5 votes to 122.5 for Pierce, 33 for Douglas, and 5 for [[Lewis Cass]]. With each succeeding ballot, Douglas gained at Pierce's expense. On the 15th ballot, most of Pierce's delegates shifted to Douglas in an attempt to stop Buchanan. It was too late, and on the 17th ballot, Buchanan was unanimously nominated. [[John C. Breckinridge]] of [[Kentucky]] was nominated for vice-president.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="18" | '''Presidential Ballot'''
|-
! Ballot!!1st !! 2nd !! 3rd !! 4th !! 5th !! 6th !! 7th !! 8th !! 9th !! 10th !! 11th !! 12th !! 13th !! 14th !! 15th !! 16th !! 17th
|-
![[James Buchanan]] !!135.5!! 139!! 139.5!! 141.5!! 140!! 155!! 143.5!! 147.5!! 146!! 147.5!! 147.5!! 148!! 150!! 152.5!! 168.5!! 168!! 296
|-
![[Franklin Pierce]] !!122.5!! 119.5!! 119!! 119!! 119.5!! 107.5!! 89!! 87!! 87!! 80.5!! 80!! 79!! 77.5!! 75!! 3.5!! 0!! 0
|-
![[Stephen Douglas]] !!33!! 31.5!! 32!! 30!! 31!! 28!! 58!! 56!! 56!! 62.5!! 63!! 63.5!! 63!! 63!! 118.5!! 122!! 0
|-
![[Lewis Cass]] !!5!! 6!! 5.5!! 5.5!! 5.5!! 5.5!! 5.5!! 5.5!! 7!! 5.5!! 5.5!! 5.5!! 5.5!! 5.5!! 4.5!! 6!! 0
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="3" | '''Vice Presidential Ballot'''
|-
!Ballot !!1st !! 2nd
|-
![[John C. Breckinridge]] !!51!! 296
|-
![[John A. Quitman]] !!59!! 0
|-
![[Linn Boyd]] !!33!! 0
|-
![[James A. Bayard, Jr.|James Bayard]] !!31!! 0
|-
![[Herschel V. Johnson]] !!31!! 0
|-
![[Aaron V. Brown]] !!29!! 0
|-
![[Benjamin Franklin Butler (politician)|Benjamin Butler]] !!27!! 0
|-
![[James C. Dobbin]] !!13!! 0
|-
![[Benjamin Fitzpatrick]] !!11!! 0
|-
![[Thomas J. Rusk]] !!7!! 0
|-
![[Trusten Polk]] !!5!! 0
|}

=== North American Party nomination ===
The anti-slavery "Americans" from the North formed their own party after the nomination of Fillmore in [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]. This party called for its national convention to be held in [[New York City|New York, New York]], just before the Republican National Convention. Party leaders hoped to nominate a joint ticket with the Republicans to defeat Buchanan. The [http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=229114 national convention] was held on June 12 to June 20, 1856 in New York. The delegates voted repeatedly on a nominee for president without a result, until it became clear that the Republican National Convention would not cooperate. Nathaniel P. Banks was nominated for president on the 10th ballot over John C. Frémont and John McLean, but Banks immediately [[telegraph]]ed the convention that he did not want to run. The delegates, preparing to return home, unanimously nominated Frémont on the 11th ballot. The chairman of the convention, William F. Johnston, was nominated to run for vice-president, but he later withdrew his name.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+ Convention vote
|-
! Presidential Ballots
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! Vice Presidential Ballot
!
|-
| align=left | [[Nathaniel P. Banks]]
| 43
| 48
| 46
| 47
| 46
| 45
| 51
| 50
| 50
| 53
| 0
| align=left | [[William F. Johnston]]
| 59
|-
| align=left | [[John C. Fremont]]
| 34
| 36
| 37
| 37
| 31
| 29
| 29
| 27
| 28
| 18
| 92
| align=left | [[Thomas Ford (politician)|Thomas Ford]]
| 16
|-
| align=left | [[John McLean]]
| 19
| 10
| 2
| 29
| 33
| 40
| 41
| 40
| 30
| 24
| 0
| align=left | [[John C. Fremont]]
| 12
|-
| align=left | [[Robert F. Stockton]]
| 14
| 20
| 18
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| Scattering
| 21
|-
| align=left | [[William F. Johnston]]
| 6
| 1
| 15
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Scarttering
| 5
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|}

=== North American Seceders Party nomination ===
A group of North American delegates called the North American Seceders withdrew from the convention and met separately. They objected to the attempt to work with the Republican Party. The Seceders held their own [http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=229113 national convention on 6/16-17/1856]. 19 delegates unanimously nominated [[Robert F. Stockton]] for president and [[Kenneth Raynor]] for vice-president. The Seceders' ticket later withdrew from the contest.

===Republican Party nomination===
{{Main|1856 Republican National Convention}}
Republican candidates:
* [[John C. Fremont]], former U.S. senator from [[California]]
* [[John McLean]], U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice from [[Ohio]]

==== Republican candidates gallery ====
<gallery>
Image:JohnCFrémont.png|[[United States Senate|Former Senator]] '''[[John C. Fremont]]''' of [[California]]
Image:John McLean - History of Ohio.jpg|[[List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court Associate Justice]] '''[[John McLean]]''' of [[Ohio]]
</gallery>

[[Image:Frémont-Dayton 1856Poster.png|thumb|right|300px|Fremont/Dayton campaign poster]]
The Republican Party was formed in early 1854 to oppose the Kansas-Nebraska Act. During the midterm elections of 1854-1855, the Republican Party was one of the patchwork of anti-administration parties contesting the election. Overall, the Republicans won only 13 seats in the U.S. House for the 34th Congress. However, the party networked with other disaffected groups and gradually absorbed them. In the elections of 1855, the Republican Party won three governorships.

The first [http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=57951 Republican National Convention] was held in the Musical Fund Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on June 17 to June 19, 1856. The convention approved an anti-slavery platform, calling for Congressional sovereignty in the territories, an end to [[polygamy]] in [[Mormon]] settlements, and federal assistance for a [[transcontinental railroad]]. John C. Frémont was nominated for president over [[John McLean]], and [[William L. Dayton]] was nominated for vice-president over [[Abraham Lincoln]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+ Convention vote
|-
! Presidential Ballots
! Informal 1
! Formal 1
! Vice Presidential Ballots
! Informal 1
! Formal 1
|-
| align=left | [[John C. Fremont]]
| 359
| 520
| align=left | [[William L. Dayton]]
| 253
| 523
|-
| align=left | [[John McLean]]
| 190
| 37
| align=left | [[Abraham Lincoln]]
| 110
| 20
|-
| align=left | [[Charles Sumner]]
| 2
| 0
| align=left | [[Nathaniel P. Banks]]
| 46
| 6
|-
| align=left | [[Nathaniel P. Banks]]
| 1
| 0
| align=left | [[David Wilmot]]
| 43
| 0
|-
| align=left | [[William H. Seward]]
| 1
| 0
| align=left | [[Charles Sumner]]
| 35
| 3
|-
| Abstaining
| 14
| 9
| align=left | [[Jacob Collamer]]
| 15
| 2
|-
|
|
|
| align=left | [[John Alsop King]]
| 9
| 2
|-
|
|
|
| align=left | [[Samuel C. Pomeroy]]
| 8
| 1
|-
|
|
|
| align=left | [[Thomas H. Ford]]
| 7
| 5
|-
|
|
|
| align=left | [[Henry Charles Carey]]
| 3
| 0
|-
|
|
|
| align=left | [[Cassius Marcellus Clay (politician)|Cassius Clay]]
| 3
| 1
|-
|
|
|
| align=left | [[Joshua Reed Giddings]]
| 2
| 0
|-
|
|
|
| align=left | [[Whitfield Johnson]]
| 2
| 1
|-
|
|
|
| align=left | [[Aaron Pennington]]
| 1
| 0
|-
|
|
|
| align=left | [[Henry Wilson]]
| 1
| 0
|-
|
|
|
| Scatering
| 29
| 3
|}

=== Whig Party nomination ===
The Whig Party was reeling from electoral losses since 1852. Half of its leaders in the South bolted to the Southern Democratic Party, whereas in the North the Whig Party was moribund. This party remained somewhat alive in states like New York and Pennsylvania by joining the anti-slavery movement.

The fifth (and last) [http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=229111 Whig National Convention] was held in the Hall of the Maryland Institute in [[Baltimore|Baltimore, Maryland]], on September 17 and September 18, 1856. There were 150 delegates sent from 26 states. Though the leaders of this party wanted to keep the Whig Party alive, they doomed it by deciding to endorse the American Party's national ticket of Fillmore and Donelson. The 150 Whig delegates did so unanimously.

== General election ==

=== Campaign ===
[[File:PresidentialCounty1856.gif|right|thumb|400px|Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate. Shades of blue are for Buchanan (Democratic), shades of red are for Frémont (Republican), and shades of yellow are for Fillmore (Know Nothing/Whig).]]
[[Image:RibbonBuchananBreckenridgePrezCampaign1856.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Campaign ribbon]]
[[File:DemocraticPlatform1856Cartoon.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Caricature of Democratic Platform]]
None of the three candidates took to the stump. The Republican Party opposed the extension of slavery into the territories&nbsp;— in fact, its slogan was "Free speech, free press, [[free soil]], free men, Frémont and victory!" The Republicans thus crusaded against [[the Slave Power]], warning it was destroying republican values. Democrats counter-crusaded by warning that a Republican victory would bring a [[civil war]].

The Republican platform opposed the repeal of the [[Missouri Compromise]] through the [[Kansas–Nebraska Act]], which enacted the policy of popular sovereignty, allowing settlers to decide whether a new state would enter the Union as free or slave. The Republicans also accused the Pierce administration of allowing a fraudulent territorial government to be imposed upon the citizens of the Kansas Territory, thus engendering the violence that had raged in [[Bleeding Kansas]]. They advocated the immediate admittance of [[Kansas]] as a free state. Along with opposing the spread of slavery into the continental territories of the United States, the party also opposed the [[Ostend Manifesto]], which advocated the annexation of [[Cuba]] from [[Spain]]. In sum, the campaign's true focus was against the system of slavery, which they felt was destroying the Republican values that the Union had been founded upon.

The Democratic platform supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act and popular sovereignty. The party supported the pro-slavery territorial legislature elected in Kansas, opposed the free-state elements within Kansas, and castigated the [[Topeka Constitution]] as an illegal document written during an illegal convention. The Democrats also supported the plan to annex Cuba, advocated in the Ostend Manifesto, which Buchanan helped devise while serving as minister to Britain. The most influential aspect of the Democratic campaign was a warning that a Republican victory would lead to the secession of numerous southern states.

The campaign had a different nature in the free states and the slave states. In the free states, there was a three-way campaign, which Frémont won with 45.2% of the vote to 41.5% for Buchanan and 13.3% for Fillmore; Frémont received 114 electoral votes to 62 for Buchanan. In the slave states, however, the contest was for all intents and purposes between Buchanan and Fillmore; Buchanan won 56.1% of the vote to 43.8% for Fillmore and 0.1% for Fremont, receiving 112 electoral votes to 8 for Fillmore. Nationwide, Buchanan won 174 electoral votes, a majority, and was thus elected. Frémont received no votes in 10 of the 14 slave states with a popular vote; he got 306 in Delaware, 285 in Maryland, 283 in Virginia, and 314 in Kentucky.

Of the 1,713 counties making returns, Buchanan won 1,083 (63.22%), Frémont won 366 (21.37%), and Fillmore won 263 (15.35%). One county (0.06%) in Georgia split evenly between Buchanan and Fillmore.

=== Results ===
{{start U.S. presidential ticket box|pv_footnote=<sup>(a)</sup>|ev_footnote=}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row|name=[[James Buchanan]]|vp_name=[[John C. Breckinridge]]|party=[[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]]|state=[[Pennsylvania]]|vp_state=[[Kentucky]]|pv=1,836,072|pv_pct=45.3%|ev=174}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row|name=[[John C. Frémont]]|vp_name=[[William L. Dayton]]|party=[[United States Republican Party|Republican]]|state=[[California]]|vp_state=[[New Jersey]]|pv=1,342,345|pv_pct=33.1%|ev=114}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[Millard Fillmore]]|vp_name=[[Andrew Jackson Donelson]]| party=[[Know Nothing|American]]/[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]| state=[[New York]]|vp_state=[[Tennessee]]|pv=873,053|pv_pct=21.6%|ev=8}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box other|pv=3,177|pv_pct=0.1%}}
{{end U.S. presidential ticket box|pv=4,054,647|ev=296|to_win=149}}

'''Source (Popular Vote):''' {{Leip PV source| year=1856| as of=July 27, 2005}}
'''Source (Electoral Vote):''' {{National Archives EV source| year=1856| as of=July 31, 2005}}

<sup>(a)</sup> ''The popular vote figures exclude [[South Carolina]] where the Electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote.''

<gallery perrow="2" widths="350px" heights="167px">
Image:DemocraticPresidentialCounty1856.gif|Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the Democratic candidate.
Image:RepublicanPresidentialCounty1856.gif|Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the Republican candidate.
Image:KnowNothingPresidentialCounty1856.gif|Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the Know Nothing candidate.
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Commons category}}
*[[American election campaigns in the 19th century]]
*[[History of the United States (1849–1865)]]
*[[History of the United States Democratic Party]]
*[[History of the United States Republican Party]]
*[[Origins of the American Civil War]]
*[[Third Party System]]
*[[United States House elections, 1856]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s |last=Anbinder |first=Tyler |year=1992 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=0-19-508922-7 }}
*{{cite book |title=Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War |last=Foner |first=Eric |year=1970 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn= }}
*{{cite book |title=The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852-1856 |last=Gienapp |first=William E. |year=1987 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-19-504100-3 }}
*{{cite book |title=The Political Crisis of the 1850s |last=Holt |first=Michael F. |year=1978 |publisher=Norton |location=New York |isbn=0-393-95370-X |pages=139–181 }}
*{{cite book |title=Ordeal of the Union: vol 2: A House Dividing, 1852-1857 |last=Nevins |first=Allan |year=1947 |publisher= |location=New York }} <small>The most detailed narrative.</small>
*{{cite journal |last=Pierson |first=Michael D. |year=2002 |month= |title='Prairies on Fire': The Organization of the 1856 Mass Republican Rally in Beloit, Wisconsin |journal=Civil War History |volume=48 |issue= |pages= |issn=0009-8078 }}
*{{cite book |title=Impending Crisis 1848–1861 |last=Potter |first=David |year=1976 |publisher=Harper & Row |location=New York |isbn=0-06-090524-7 }}
*{{cite book |title=Race and Politics: "Bleeding Kansas" and the Coming of the Civil War |last=Rawley |first=James A. |year=1969 |publisher=Lippincott |location=Philadelphia }}
*{{cite book |title=Ballots for Freedom: Antislavery Politics in the United States, 1837-1860 |last=Sewell |first=Richard H. |year=1976 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-19-501997-0 |pages=254–291 }}

==External links==
*[http://www.americanheritage.com/events/articles/web/20061104-know-nothing-nativism-american-party-immigration-catholicism.shtml Nativism in the 1856 Presidential Election]
*[http://geoelections.free.fr/USA/elec_comtes/1856.htm 1856 popular vote by counties]
*[http://www.multied.com/elections/1856Pop.html 1856 state-by-state popular voting results]
*[http://www.american-presidents.org/2007/03/james-buchanan-and-election-of-1856.html James Buchanan and the Election of 1856]
* [http://www.mit.edu/~mi22295/elections.html#1856 How close was the 1856 election?]&nbsp;— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
*[http://members.aol.com/jfepperson/r1856.html 1856 Republican Platform]

{{US Third Party Election}}
{{USPresidentialElections}}

[[Category:United States presidential election, 1856]]
[[Category:Utah War]]
[[Category:Presidency of James Buchanan]]

[[de:Präsidentschaftswahl in den Vereinigten Staaten 1856]]
[[es:Elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 1856]]
[[fr:Élection présidentielle américaine de 1856]]
[[it:Elezioni presidenziali statunitensi del 1856]]
[[he:הבחירות לנשיאות ארצות הברית 1856]]
[[nl:Amerikaanse presidentsverkiezingen 1856]]
[[ja:1856年アメリカ合衆国大統領選挙]]
[[no:Presidentvalget i USA 1856]]
[[pt:Eleição presidencial nos Estados Unidos em 1856]]
[[ru:Президентские выборы в США (1856)]]

Revision as of 14:08, 22 January 2013

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