Urbain Le Verrier
Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier (March 11, 1811 – September 23, 1877) was a French mathematician who specialized in celestial mechanics and is best known for his part in the discovery of Neptune.
Life and work
Le Verrier was born in Saint-Lô, France, and studied at the Ecole Polytechnique. Following a brief period studying chemistry under Gay-Lussac, Le Verrier switched to astronomy, particularly celestial mechanics. He accepted a job at the Paris Observatory, where he spent most of his professional life, and eventually became that institution's Director.[1]
Le Verrier's most famous achievement is his prediction of the existence of the then unknown planet Neptune, using only mathematics and astronomical observations of the known planet Uranus. Encouraged by physicist Arago,[2], Director of the Paris Observatory, Le Verrier was intensely engaged for months in complex calculations to explain small but systematic discrepancies between Uranus's observed orbit and the one predicted from the laws of gravity of Newton. At the same time, but unknown to Le Verrier, similar calculations were made by John Couch Adams in England. Le Verrier announced his final predicted position for Uranus's unseen perturbing planet publicly to the French Academy on August 31, 1846, two days before Adams's final solution, which turned out to be 12° off the mark, was privately mailed to the Royal Greenwich Observatory. Le Verrier transmitted his own prediction by September 18 letter to Johann Galle of the Berlin Observatory. The letter arrived five days later, and the planet was found with the Berlin Fraunhofer refractor that same evening, September 23, 1846 by Galle and Heinrich d'Arrest within 1° of the predicted location near the boundary between Capricorn and Aquarius.
There was, and to an extent still is, controversy over the apportionment of credit for the discovery. There is no ambiguity to the discovery claims of Le Verrier, Galle, and d'Arrest. Adams's work was begun earlier than Le Verrier's but was finished later and was unrelated to the actual discovery. Not even the briefest account of Adams's predicted orbital elements was published until more than a month after Berlin's visual confirmation, for reasons that have proved increasingly difficult to defend or define. Scholars' opinion has been moving in recent years to increased awareness that Le Verrier's open prediscovery publication of his predictions merits his credit, heretofore too long denied, as sole mathematical discoverer of Neptune.
Galvanized by his success with Neptune, Le Verrier proceeded to interpret variations in the orbit of Mercury as being due to an unknown planet, tentatively named Vulcan. This triggered a wave of false detections, which lasted until 1915, when Einstein explained Mercury's anomalous motion with his theory of general relativity.
The last quarter century of Le Verrier's life was engaged in establishing the orbits of all eight planets, a project which he only narrowly lived to see completed and printed.
Le Verrier had a wife and children.[3] He died in Paris, France and was buried in the Cimetière Montparnasse. A large stone celestial globe sits over his grave. He will be ever remembered by the phrase attributed to Arago: "the man who discovered a planet with the point of his pen."
Honours
- Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society - 1868 and 1876
- Namesake of Craters on the Moon and Mars, a ring of Neptune, and the asteroid 1997 Leverrier
See also
References
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Arago summary
- ^ "Urbain Jean Joseph Leverrier". Encyclopaedia Britannica. LoveToKnow Classic Encyclopedia. 1911. Retrieved 23 November 2008.
Further reading
- David Aubin, The Fading Star of the Paris Observatory in the Nineteenth Century: Astronomers' Urban Culture of Circulation and Observation. Osiris 18 (2003), 79-100. [1]
- Grosser, M. (1962). The Discovery of Neptune. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674212258.
- Le Verrier, Urbain (1835). Annales de Chimie et de Physique (Paris) 60: 174 - Chemical research of Le Verrier
- Fabien Locher, Le Savant et la Tempête. Étudier l’atmosphère et prévoir le temps au XIXe siècle, Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, Collection « Carnot », 2008.
- Dennis Rawlins (1999). Recovery of the RGO Neptune Papers. Adams' Final Prediction Missed by Over Ten Degrees. DIO, volume 9, number 1, pages 3-25.
- See, T. J. J. (1910). "Leverrier's Letter to Galle and the Discovery of Neptune". Popular Astronomy. 18: 475–476. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
External links
- Le Verrier on the French 50 Franc banknote
- "Theorie du Mouvement de Mercure" (195 pages, 17.6 MB)
- Obituary - Nature, 1877, vol. 16, page 453