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South Levantine Arabic grammar

This article focuses on the grammar of urban South Levantine Arabic.

Nouns

Gender

Masculine nouns usually end in a consonant. Feminine nouns usually end in Tāʼ marbūṭah (ة), pronounced as vowel a (after guttural or emphatic consonants) or e (elsewhere).

Nouns denoting women or girls are feminine of course, regardless of their final letter.

Number

Dual

The dual denotes two or a pair of something. It is always regular, formed by adding the suffix ـين (-ēn). The final Tāʼ marbūṭah (ة) is changed into a regular Tāʼ (ت) pronounced as t.

Examples

	Consonant	Tāʼ marbūṭah
Singular	كتاب ktāb	مدرسة madrase
Dual	كتابين ktāb-ēn	مدرستين madrast-ēn

Plural

The regular plural of masculine nouns is formed by adding the suffix ـين (-īn). The regular plural of feminine nouns is formed by replacing the final ـة (-a/e) by the suffix ـات (-āt).

While the plural of most feminine nouns is regular, only a few masculine nouns have a regular plural, mainly those refering to people.

The irregular plural is also called "broken plural". It is formed by changing the vowels and adding or removing one of the semivowel ا (a), و (u/w) or ي (i/y) into/from the word.

Collective nouns

Some nouns, especially those referring to plants or animals which often appear in groups have a special declension.

The base form is grammatically masculine and refers to an unspecific number. If the masculine plural exists, it refers to different types/kinds of it.

In order to refer to a specific number, those nouns are turned into grammatically feminine by adding a Tāʼ marbūṭah (ة).

In that case the feminine singular form is called 'singulative', the feminine plural form is called 'paucal'.

Example 1

Grammatical form	Function	Example	Meaning
Masculine, singular	Collective	تفاح tuffāḥ	apples (unspecific number)
Feminine, singular	Singulative	تفاحة tuffāḥa	an apple
Feminine, plural	Paucal	تفاحات tuffāḥāt	apples (specific number)

When referring to animals, the singulative and paucal form might refer to female animals or with mixed or unknown gender, if a seperate word for male counterparts exist.

Example 2

Word	Grammatical form	Function	Example	Meaning
بقر	Masculine, singular	Collective	بقر baqar	cattle; cows (unspecific number)
	Feminine, singular	Singulative	بقرة baqara	a cow; a head of cattle
	Feminine, plural	Paucal	بقرات baqarāt	cows (specific number); heads of cattle
تور	Singular		تور tōr	a bull
	Plural		تيران tīrān	bulls

When referring to a material (including food like meat or bread), the singulative and paucal forms are referring to pieces of it.

Example 3

Grammatical form	Function	Example	Meaning
Masculine, singular	Collective	لحم laḥm	meat
Masculine, plural	Plural	لحوم lḥūm	kinds of meat
Feminine, singular	Singulative	لحمة laḥme	a piece of meat
Feminine, plural	Paucal	لحمات laḥmāt	pieces of meat

Some collective nouns can't form the singulative and paucal, as they are either loanwords or something that usually isn't divided into pieces.

In that case a measure word can be used. The most common measure word is حبة (ḥabbe).

Example 4

Function	Example	Meaning
Collective	بطاطا baṭāṭa	potatoes (unspecific number)
Singulative	حبة بطاطا ḥabbet baṭāṭa	a potato
Paucal	حبات بطاطا ḥabbāt baṭāṭa	potatoes (specific number)

Numbers

Cardinal numbers

The numbers 1 and 2 are already implied in the singular and dual form of the noun, but if stress those numbers, they follow the noun like an adjective and are decline by gender.

The numbers from 3 to 19 have two forms, an independent form and an attributive form used when preceding a noun.

Before a small set of nouns (days, months, thousands and fractions) the independet form is used in construct state (ة pronounced as "t").

Nouns are only in the plural after numbers 3 to 10, but in the singular after larger numbers. The same rule applies for ألف (ʾalf, "thousand")

Number		Independent	Attributive
0	٠	صفر ṣifr
1	١	واحد wāḥad (masc.)	واحدة waḥde (fem.)
2	٢	تنين tnēn (masc.)	تنتين tintēn (fem.)
3	٣	تلاتة talāte	تلت talat / tlat
4	٤	أربعة ʾarbaʕa	أربع ʾarbaʕ
5	٥	خمسة ḵamse	خمس ḵams
6	٦	ستّة sitte	ستّ sitt
7	٧	سبعة sabʕa	سبع sabʕ
8	٨	تمانية tamānye	تمن taman / tman
9	٩	تسعة tisʕa	تسع tisʕ
10	١٠	عشرة ʕašara	عشر ʕašr

Ordinal numbers

Ordinal numbers either precede or follow the noun. If the precede the noun they are alway used in the masculine form and without a definite article. If they follow the noun, they are are declined by gender and number.

Pronouns

Independent personal pronouns

Independent pronouns are mainly used for the subject of a sentence. They can be omitted if the subject is shown by the conjugation of the verb.

They can also appear after verbs with an enclitic pronoun suffix in order to stress the object.

Person	Singular		Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Masc./Fem.	Feminine (rural dialects)
1st	أنا ʾana		إحنا ʾiḥna
2nd	إنت ʾinta / ʾinte	إنتي ʾinti	إنتوا ʾintu	إنتن ʾinten
3rd	هو huwwe	هي hiyye	هم humme	هن hinne

Feminine plural pronouns are only used in rural dialects. North Levantine dialects use هن (hinne) for both masculine and feminine plural.

نحنا (niḥna) is an alternative form of إحنا (ʾiḥna), mainly used in North Levantine dialects.

Enclitic pronouns

Enclitic pronouns can be attached to several types of words and have different functions:

• Show possession if attached to nouns
• Object if attached to verbs or prepositions
• Subject if attached to conjuctions

Person	Singular		Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Masc./Fem.	Feminine (rural dialects)
1st	ـي / ـني -i -y (after vowel) -ni (after verb)		ـنا -na
2nd	ـك -ak -k (after vowel)	ـك -ek -ki (after vowel)	ـكم / ـكوا -kom / -ku	ـكن -ken
3rd	ـه -o -ʰ (after vowel)	ـها -ha	ـهم -hom	ـهن -hen

Feminine plural pronouns are only used in rural dialects. Northern Levantine dialects use the "feminine forms" for both masculine and feminine plural.

Some enclitic pronouns have different forms, when attached to words ending in a vowel (ا، و، ي، ى). In that case the final h in 3rd person masculine singular is silent, but it has effect on the stress and the vowel lenght.

When attached to Tāʼ marbūṭah (ة) it is changed into a regular Tāʼ (ت).

In polysyllabic words the stress is shifting according to Levantine Arabic stress rules, i.e. the penultimate syllable takes the stress if it become heavy, otherwise the penultimate vowel disappears if it it's a short e or o.

Examples

		Nouns, prepositions, conjuctions				Verbs
		Consonant		Tāʼ marbūṭah	Vowel	Consonant	Vowel
Example		قبل qabl	صاحب ṣāḥeb	مدرسة madrase	أبو ʾabu	شفت šuft	شفتي šufti
1st	singular	قبلي qabl-i	صاحبي ṣāḥb-i	مدرستي madrast-i	أبوي ʾabū-y	شفتني šufᵉt-ni	شفتيني šuftī-ni
	plural	قبلنا qabᵉl-na	صاحبنا ṣāḥeb-na	مدرستنا madraset-na	أبونا ʾabū-na	شفتنا šufᵉt-na	شفتينا šuftī-na
2nd	masculine	قبلك qabl-ak	صاحبك ṣāḥb-ak	مدرستك madrast-ak	أبوك ʾabū-k	شفتك šuft-ak	شفتيك šuftī-k
	feminine	قبلك qabl-ek	صاحبك ṣāḥb-ek	مدرستك madrast-ek	أبوك ʾabū-ki	شفتك šuft-ek	شفتيك šuftī-ki
	plural	قبلكم qabᵉl-kom	صاحبكم ṣāḥeb-kom	مدرستكم madraset-kom	أبوكم ʾabū-kom	شفتكم šufᵉt-kom	شفتيكم šuftī-kom
3rd	masculine	قبله qabl-o	صاحبه ṣāḥb-o	مدرسته madrast-o	أبوه ʾabū-ʰ	شفته šuft-o	شفتيه šuftī-ʰ
	feminine	قبلها qabᵉl-ha	صاحبها ṣāḥeb-ha	مدرستها madraset-ha	أبوها ʾabū-ha	شفتها šufᵉt-ha	شفتيها šuftī-ha
	plural	قبلهم qabᵉl-hom	صاحبهم ṣāḥeb-hom	مدرستهم madraset-hom	أبوهم ʾabū-hom	شفتهم šufᵉt-hom	شفتيهم šuftī-hom

Detached possessive pronouns

Instead of directly attaching enclitic pronouns to nouns, possession can also be expressed by attaching them to the preposition تبع (tabaˁ) or تاع (tāˁ) following the noun.

Those are preferred in the case when referring to nouns followed by adjectives, a series of nouns or foreign words.

تبع (tabaˁ) and تاع (tāˁ) can either be used unchanged or agreeing with the number and gender of the noun they are referring to.

Singular		Plural
Masculine	Feminine
تبع tabaˁ	تبعت tabᵃˁt	تبعون tabaˁūn
تاع tāˁ	تاعت tāˁt	توع tūˁ

Declension of تبع

		Masculine	Feminine	Plural
1st	singular	تبعي tabaˁ-i	تبعتي tabᵃˁt-i	تبعوني tabaˁūn-i
	plural	تبعنا tabaˁ-na	تبعتنا tabaˁt-na	تبعونّا tabaˁūn-na
2nd	masculine	تبعك tabaˁ-ak	تبعتك tabᵃˁt-ak	تبعونك tabaˁūn-ak
	feminine	تبعك tabaˁ-ek	تبعتك tabᵃˁt-ek	تبعونك tabaˁūn-ek
	plural	تبعكم tabaˁ-kom	تبعتكم tabaˁt-kom	تبعونكم tabaˁūn-kom
3rd	masculine	تبعه tabaˁ-o	تبعته tabᵃˁt-o	تبعونه tabaˁūn-o
	feminine	تبعها tabaˁ-ha	تبعتها tabaˁt-ha	تبعونها tabaˁūn-ha
	plural	تبعهم tabaˁ-hom	تبعتهم tabaˁt-hom	تبعونهم tabaˁūn-hom

Detached object pronouns

If enclitic pronouns can't be attached to the verb directly, they are attached to the particle ايا (iyyā-) instead.

This the case when either an indirect object pronoun is attached to the verb or a pseudo verb (e.g. عند (ˁind-), بد (bidd-)) is used.

The initial vowel i of ايا (iyyā-) will disappear if the preceding word ends in a vowel.

Person	Singular		Plural
	Masculine	Feminine
1st	اياي (i)yyā-y		ايانا (i)yyā-na
2nd	اياك (i)yyā-k	اياك (i)yyā-ki	اياكم (i)yyā-kom
3rd	اياه (i)yyā-ʰ	اياها (i)yyā-ha	اياهم (i)yyā-hom

Indirect object

Indirect object pronouns are similar to direct object pronouns, but an additional consonant l is placed between the verb and the suffix. If more than two consonants occur in a row, the vowel i is inserted and the l is geminated if possible.

Person	Singular		Plural
	Masculine	Feminine
1st	ـلي -(il)li		ـلنا -(i)lna
2nd	ـلك -(il)lak	ـلك -(il)lek	ـلكم / ـكوا -(i)lkom / -(i)lku
3rd	ـله -(il)lo	ـلها -(i)lha	ـلهم -(i)lhom

Examples

		Vowel	One consonant	Two consonants
Example		حكى ḥaka	كتب katab	كتبت katabt
1st	singular	حكالي ḥakā-li	كتبلي katab-li	كتبتلي katabt-illi
	plural	حكالنا ḥakā-lna	كتبلنا katab-ilna	كتبتلنا katabt-ilna
2nd	masculine	حكالك ḥakā-lak	كتبلك katab-lak	كتبتلك katabt-illak
	feminine	حكالك ḥakā-lek	كتبلك katab-lek	كتبتلك katabt-illek
	plural	حكالكم ḥakā-lkom	كتبلكم katab-ilkom	كتبتلكم katabt-ilkom
3rd	masculine	حكاله ḥakā-lo	كتبله katab-lo	كتبتله katabt-illo
	feminine	حكالها ḥakā-lha	كتبلها katab-ilha	كتبتلها katabt-ilha
	plural	حكالهم ḥakā-lhom	كتبلهم katab-ilhom	كتبتلهم katabt-ilhom

Demonstrative pronouns

	Singular		Plural
	Masculine	Feminine
Proximal (this, these)	هاد / هادا hād / hāda	هاي / هادي hāy / hādi	هادول hādōl
Distal (that, those)	هداك hadāk	هديك hadīk	هدولاك hadōlāk

Verbs

Types of roots

Levantine Arabic verbs usually consists of three root letters.

Defective roots

In defective roots, the last consonant is a ا, ى or ي.

ى always changes to ي in the subjunctive stem and usually also vice versa.

ا comes from a final Hamza (أ) in MSA and keeps unchanged.

Hollow roots

In hollow roots, the middle consonant is always ا in the 3rd person of the past tense.

It usually changes to ي or و in the subjunctive stem.

Doubled roots

In doubled roots, the middle and the final are the same, so they become geminated.

The vowel is always a in the past tense and usually changes to e or o in the subjunctive stem.

Verb forms

The basic form is called form I. All the other forms (II to X) are derived from form I by adding letters to the root.

The derived forms have slightly different meanings based on the meaning of the basic form.

Verbs with a four letter root can only have two forms (Iq and IIq), which are similar to form II and V.

Examples form I

Stem vowel		Regular		Defective		Hollow		Doubled
Past	Subj.	Past	Subj.	Past	Subj.	Past	Subj.	Past	Subj.
a	a	فتح fataḥ	يفتح yiftaḥ	قرا qara	يقرا yiqra	نام nām	ينام inām	ضل ḍall	يضل iḍall
	e/i	كسر kasar	يكسر yikser	حكى ḥaka	يحكي yiḥki	جاب jāb	يجيب ijīb	حب ḥabb	يحب iḥebb
	o/u	سكن sakan	يسكن yuskon			شاف šāf	يشوف išūf	حط ḥaṭṭ	يحط iḥoṭṭ
e/i	a	نزل nizel	ينزل yinzal	نسي nisi	ينسى yinsa
	e/i	عرف ˁirel	يعرف yiˁmel	مشي miši	يمشي yimši

Tenses

Past tense

The basic form of the verb is the past tense masculine singular form. Suffixes are added in order to show the person and number.

Person	Singular		Plural
	Masculine	Feminine
1st	ـت -(ᵉ)t		ـنا -na
2nd	ـت -(ᵉ)t	ـتي -ti	ـتوا -tu
3rd	no suffix	ـت -at	ـوا -u

In the 1st and 2nd person, the stress shifts to the second syllable if possible. In the 1st person singular and 2nd person masculine a helping vowel e might be inserted in order to simplify pronunciation.

In the 1st and 2nd person, the vowel of hollow verbs is shortened, agreeing with the vowel of the subjunctive stem. In defective and doubled verbs, a long vowel (usually ē) is added between the stem and the suffix.

The form of the 1st person singular and 2nd person masculine are the same. The 3rd person feminine looks the same in writing but it differs in stress and the vowels.

Examples form I

		Regular		Defective		Hollow		Doubled
		vowel a	vowel e/i	final a	final i	subj. stem vowel ū	subj. stem vowel ā/ī
Example		كتب katab	فهم fihem	حكى ḥaka	نسي nisi	شاف šāf	جاب jāb	حس ḥass
1st	singular	كتبت katab-t	فهمت fhim-t	حكيت ḥakē-t	نسيت nsī-t	شفت šuf-t	جبت jib-t	حسيت ḥassē-t
	plural	كتبنا katab-na	فهمنا fhim-na	حكينا ḥakē-na	نسينا nsī-na	شفنا šuf-na	جبنا jib-na	حسينا ḥassē-na
2nd	masculine	كتبت katab-t	فهمت fhim-t	حكيت ḥakē-t	نسيت nsī-t	شفت šuf-t	جبت jib-t	حسيت ḥassē-t
	feminine	كتبتي katab-ti	فهمتي fhim-ti	حكيتي ḥakē-ti	نسيتي nsī-ti	شفتي šuf-ti	جبتي jib-ti	حسيتي ḥassē-ti
	plural	كتبتوا katab-tu	فهمتوا fhim-tu	حكيتوا ḥakē-tu	نسيتوا nsī-tu	شفتوا šuf-tu	جبتوا jib-tu	حسيتوا ḥassē-tu
3rd	masculine	كتب katab	فهم fihem	حكى ḥaka	نسي nisi	شاف šāf	جاب jāb	حس ḥass
	feminine	كتبت katb-at	فهمت fihm-at	حكت ḥak-at	نسيت nisy-at	شافت šāf-at	جابت jāb-at	حست ḥass-at
	plural	كتبوا katabu	فهموا fihm-u	حكوا ḥak-u	نسيتوا nisy-u	شافوا šāf-u	جابوا jāb-u	حسوا ḥass-u

Subjunctive

Unlike the past tense, the subjunctive is conjugated mainly by adding prefixes. The vowels and stress might be different from the past tense.

The subjective is used after particles (e.g. رح, عم) and auxiliary verbs.

Person	Singular		Plural
	Masculine	Feminine
1st	أـ ʾa-		نـ n(i)-
2nd	تـ t(i)-	تـ...ـي t(i)-...-i	تـ...ـوا t(i)-...-u
3rd	يـ y(i)-	تـ t(i)-	يـ...ـوا y(i)-...-u

If the stress is on the prefix, it usually takes the vowel i, but if the first vowel of the stem is o/u it is changed to u due to vowel harmony.

The prefix of the 1st person singular always has the vowel a. The forms of the 2nd person masculine and 3rd person feminine are the same.

If a suffix is added to a stem having a final vowel (defective root), it is replaced by the suffix.

Examples form I

		Regular		Defective		Hollow	Doubled
		vowel o/u	vowel a/e/i	final i	final a
Example		كتب katab	فهم fihem	حكى ḥaka	نسي nisi	شاف šāf	حس ḥass
1st	singular	أكتب ʾa-ktob	أفهم ʾa-fham	أحكي ʾa-ḥki	أنسى ʾa-nsa	أشوف ʾa-šūf	أحس ʾa-ḥess
	plural	نكتب nu-ktob	نفهم ni-fham	نحكي ni-ḥki	ننسى ni-nsa	نشوف n-šūf	نحس n-ḥess
2nd	masculine	تكتب tu-ktob	تفهم ti-fham	تحكي ti-ḥki	تنسى ti-nsa	تشوف t-šūf	تحس t-ḥess
	feminine	تكتبي tu-ktob-i	تفهمي ti-fham-i	تحكي ti-ḥk-i	تنسي ti-ns-i	تشوفي t-šūf-i	تحسي t-ḥess-i
	plural	تكتبوا tu-ktob-u	تفهموا ti-fham-u	تحكوا ti-ḥk-u	تنسوا ti-ns-u	تشوفوا t-šūf-u	تحسوا t-ḥess-u
3rd	masculine	يكتب yu-ktob	يفهم yi-fham	يحكي yi-ḥki	ينسى yi-nsa	يشوف y-šūf	يحس y-ḥess
	feminine	تكتب tu-ktob	تفهم ti-fham	تحكي ti-ḥki	تنسى ti-nsa	تشوف t-šūf	تحس t-ḥess
	plural	يكتبوا yu-ktob-u	يفمهوا yi-fham-u	يحكوا yi-ḥk-u	ينسوا yi-ns-u	يشوفوا y-šūf-u	يحسوا y-ḥess-u

Imperative

The imperative is formed by removing the initial t from the subjunctive forms.

Prefix	Singular		Plural
	Masculine	Feminine
Stressed	إـ ʾi-	إـ...ـي ʾi-...-i	إـ...ـوا ʾi-...-u
Unstressed	subjunctive stem	ـي -i	ـوا -u

Examples form I

		Regular		Defective	Hollow	Doubled
		vowel o/u	vowel a/e/i
Example		كتب katab	فهم fihem	حكى ḥaka	شاف šāf	حس ḥass
2nd	masculine	أكتب ʾu-ktob	إفهم ʾi-fham	إحكي ʾi-ḥki	شوف šūf	حس ḥess
	feminine	أكتبي ʾu-ktob-i	إفهمي ʾi-fham-i	إحكي ʾi-ḥk-i	شوفي šūf-i	حسي ḥess-i
	plural	أكتبوا ʾu-ktob-u	إفهموا ʾi-fham-u	إحكوا ʾi-ḥk-u	شوفوا šūf-u	حسوا ḥess-u

Present tense

The present tense is formed by adding b in front of the prefix. If there is no vowel after the prefix, the vowel i is added before. In the 1st person plural, the b is assimilated to m.

Person	Singular		Plural
	Masculine	Feminine
1st	بـ ba-		منـ mni/min-
2nd	بتـ bti/bit-	بتـ...ـي bti/bit-...-i	بتـ...ـوا bti/bit-...-u
3rd	بـ bi-	بتـ bti/bit-	بـ...ـوا bi-...-u

The prefix of the 1st person singular always has the vowel a. The forms of the 2nd person masculine and 3rd person feminine are the same.

Examples form I

		Regular		Defective	Hollow	Doubled
		vowel o/u	vowel a/e/i
Example		كتب katab	فهم fihem	حكى ḥaka	شاف šāf	حس ḥass
1st	singular	بكتب ba-ktob	بفهم ba-fham	بحكي ba-ḥki	بشوف ba-šūf	بحس ba-ḥess
	plural	منكتب mnu-ktob	منفهم mni-fham	منحكي mni-ḥki	منشوف min-šūf	منحس min-ḥess
2nd	masculine	بتكتب btu-ktob	بتفهم bti-fham	بتحكي bti-ḥki	بتشوف bit-šūf	بتحس bit-ḥess
	feminine	بتكتبي btu-ktob-i	بتفهمي bti-fham-i	بتحكي bti-ḥk-i	بتشوفي bit-šūf-i	بتحسي bit-ḥess-i
	plural	بتكتبوا btu-ktob-u	بتفهموا bti-fham-u	بتحكوا bti-ḥk-u	بتشوفوا bit-šūf-u	بتحسوا bit-ḥess-u
3rd	masculine	بكتب bu-ktob	بفهم bi-fham	بحكي bi-ḥki	بشوف bi-šūf	بحس bi-ḥess
	feminine	بتكتب btu-ktob	بتفهم bti-fham	بتحكي bti-ḥki	بتشوف bit-šūf	بتحس bit-ḥess
	plural	بكتبوا bu-ktob-u	بفمهوا bi-fham-u	بحكوا bi-ḥk-u	بشوفوا bi-šūf-u	بحسوا bi-ḥess-u

Future tense

There are different ways to express the future in Levantine Arabic:

• using the present tense
• particle رح (raḥ) + subjunctive
• prefix حـ (ḥa-) + subjunctive
• pseudo verb بد (bidd) + subjunctive

Active participle

The active participle of form I verbs has the pattern is formed by inserting a long vowel a between the first two consonant and in the masculine form a short vowel e between the last two consonants.

In hollow roots the consonant y is inserted in the middle. In week roots the final vowel is changed to i. In the masculine form of doubled roots the geminated consonant is seperated into two consonants.

As active participles are technically adjectives, they are decline like them.

Examples form I

	Regular		Defective	Hollow	Doubled
Example	كتب katab	فهم fihem	حكى ḥaka	شاف šāf	حس ḥass
Masculine	كاتب kāteb	فاهم fāhem	حاكي ḥāki	شايف šāyef	حاسس ḥāses
Feminine	كاتبة kātb-e	فاهمة fāhm-e	حاكية ḥāky-e	شايفة šāyf-e	حاسة ḥāss-e
Plural	كاتبين kātb-īn	فاهمين fāhm-īn	حاكيين ḥāky-īn	شايفين šāyf-īn	حاسين ḥāss-īn

Passive participle

The passive participle of form I verbs has the pattern is formed by adding the prefix ma and inserting a long vowel u between the last two consonants except in defective roots.

In hollow roots the consonant y is inserted in the middle. In doubled roots the geminated consonant is seperated into two consonants.

As passive participles are technically adjectives, they are decline like them.

Examples form I

	Regular		Defective	Hollow	Doubled
Example	كتب katab	فهم fihem	حكى ḥaka	شاف šāf	حس ḥass
Masculine	مكتوب ma-ktūb	مفهوم ma-fhūm	محكي ma-ḥki	مشيوف ma-šyūf	محسوس ma-ḥsūs
Feminine	مكتوبة ma-ktūb-e	مفهومة ma-fhūm-e	محكية ma-ḥkiyy-e	مشيوفة ma-šyūf-e	محسوسة ma-ḥsūs-e
Plural	مكتوبين ma-ktūb-īn	مفهومين ma-hfūm-īn	محكيين ma-ḥkiyy-īn	مشيوفين ma-šyūf-īn	محسوسين ma-ḥsūs-īn