User:Mr. Ibrahem/Obstructive sleep apnea

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Obstructive sleep apnea
Other namesObstructive sleep apnoea; obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS); obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS)[1]
Obstructive sleep apnea: As soft tissue falls to the back of the throat, it impedes the passage of air (blue arrows) through the trachea.
SpecialtySleep medicine
SymptomsDaytime sleepiness, snoring, periods of interrupted breathing, nighttime urination, morning headaches[2][1]
Usual onsetAge over 40[1]
TypesMild (AHI 5 to 15), moderate (AHI 16 to 30), severe (AHI > 30)
Risk factorsOverweight, sedatives, large tonsils, smoking, nasal congestion, family history[1]
Diagnostic methodPolysomnography, home sleep testing[2]
Differential diagnosisCOPD, central sleep apnea, narcolepsy, periodic limb movement disorder[3]
TreatmentCPAP, weight loss, avoiding sedatives, mandibular advancement device, surgery[2][1]
PrognosisDecreased life expectancy[3]
FrequencyCommon[2]

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is recurrent episodes of narrowing or blockage of the throat during sleep.[1] Symptoms may include daytime sleepiness, snoring, short periods of interrupted breathing, nighttime urination, and headaches in the morning.[1][2] Complications may include heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and motor vehicle collisions.[2]

Risk factors include being overweight, taking sedatives, large tonsils, smoking, nasal congestion, and family history.[1] The underlying mechanism involves a fall in oxygen levels which results in partial or complete waking.[1] Symptoms are often first noticed by family or friends rather than the person themselves.[1] Diagnosis is based on an apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) of at least 5 per hour as measured by polysomnography or home sleep testing.[2][4] It is a type of sleep apnea, along with the less common central sleep apnea.[1]

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the recommended treatment in those with moderate to severe disease.[2] While it improves daytime sleepiness and quality of life, affects on risk of heart disease or death is unclear.[5][6][7] Weight loss and avoiding sedatives are also recommended.[2] Other options may be used in those who cannot tolerate CPAP, including a mandibular advancement device or surgery.[1][2] Life expectancy is lower among those effected, particularly if they do not tolerate CPAP.[3]

Obstructive sleep apnea is common; affecting about a billion people worldwide.[3] In the United States it occurs in about 34% of middle aged males and 17% of females.[2][8] It occurs more commonly in those over the age of 40.[1] Some countries limit the ability to drive among those affected until the condition is well controlled.[1] Interest in the condition grew in part from Charles Dickens' novel The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club in 1837; with the link with airway obstruction recognized in the 1960s.[9][10]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)". www.nhsinform.scot. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Veasey, Sigrid C.; Rosen, Ilene M. (11 April 2019). "Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults". New England Journal of Medicine. 380 (15): 1442–1449. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1816152.
  3. ^ a b c d Slowik, JM; Sankari, A; Collen, JF (January 2023). "Obstructive Sleep Apnea". StatPearls. PMID 29083619.
  4. ^ "Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)". www.nhsinform.scot. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  5. ^ Ton, Joey (20 August 2018). "#218 CPAP—Breath of life, or just hot air?". CFPCLearn. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  6. ^ Laratta, Cheryl R.; Ayas, Najib T.; Povitz, Marcus; Pendharkar, Sachin R. (4 December 2017). "Diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in adults". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 189 (48): E1481–E1488. doi:10.1503/cmaj.170296.
  7. ^ Gottlieb, Daniel J.; Punjabi, Naresh M. (14 April 2020). "Diagnosis and Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review". JAMA. 323 (14): 1389. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3514.
  8. ^ Yeghiazarians, Yerem; Jneid, Hani; Tietjens, Jeremy R.; Redline, Susan; Brown, Devin L.; El-Sherif, Nabil; Mehra, Reena; Bozkurt, Biykem; Ndumele, Chiadi Ericson; Somers, Virend K. (20 July 2021). "Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association". Circulation. 144 (3). doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000988.
  9. ^ Guilleminault, Christian (November 1985). "Obstructive Sleep Apnea: The Clinical Syndrome and Historical Perspective". Medical Clinics of North America. 69 (6): 1187–1203. doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30982-8.
  10. ^ Kryger, Meir H.; Roth, Thomas; Dement, William C. (29 December 2015). Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 627. ISBN 978-0-323-37752-2. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
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