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Vejjavatapada

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Vejjavatapada, the Buddhist medical doctor's oath, is an oath to be taken by Buddhist doctors and other professionals working with the sick. Composed by Shravasti Dhammika[1] using text from the Pali Canon, it serves as an ethical commitment similar to that of the Hippocratic Oath, the Japanese Seventeen Rules of Enjuin and the Jewish Oath of Asaph. The original oath is in Pāḷi, a Middle Indo-Aryan language current in north-east India during the first half of the first millennium BCE, and now the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism. The oath consists of a preamble followed by seven articles, each of them derived from four passages from the Pali Canon. (1)

Original

The original Pāḷi reads:

Vuttāni hetāni Bhagavatā: "Ārogyaparamā lābhā" ti ceva: "Yo maṁ upaṭṭhaheyya so gilānaṁ upaṭṭhaheyyā" ti ca.

(A) Aham-pi: "Ārogyaparamā lābhā" ti maṭṭāmi, Tathāgataṁ upaṭṭhātukāmomhi, tasmāhaṁ mayhaṁ vejjakammena ārogyabhāvaṁ vaḍḍhemi ceva gilānaṁ hitāya dayena anukampāya upaṭṭhahāmi.

(B) Paṭibalo bhavissāmi bhesajjaṁ saṁvidhātuṁ.

(C) Sappāyāsappāyaṁ jānissāmi, asappāyaṁ apanāmessāmi; sappāyaṁ upanāmessāmi, asappāyaṁ nāpanāmessāmi.

(D) Mettacitto gilānaṁ upaṭṭhahissāmi, no āmisantaro.

(E) Ajegucchī bhavissāmi uccāraṁ vā passāvaṁ vā vantaṁ vā kheḷaṁ vā nīharituṁ.

(F) Paṭibalo bhavissāmi, gilānaṁ kālena kālaṁ, Dhammiyā kathāya sandassetuṁ samādapetuṁ samuttejetuṁ sampahaṁsetuṁ.

(G) Sace gilānaṁ sappāyabhojanehi vā sappāyabhessajjehi vā sappāyūpaṭṭhānena vā na vuṭṭhāheyya, aham-pi kho tassa gilānassa anukampāya patirūpo upaṭṭhāko bhavissāmī ti.

English Translation

Rendered in English, this is translated as:

The Lord said: "Health is the greatest gain." He also said: "He who would minister to me should minister to the sick."

I too think that health is the greatest gain and I would minister to the Buddha. Therefore:

(A) I will use my skill to restore the health of all beings with sympathy, compassion and heedfulness.

(B) I will be able to prepare medicines well.

(C) I know what medicine is suitable and what is not. I will not give the unsuitable, only the suitable.

(D) I minister to the sick with a mind of love, not out of desire for gain.

(E) I remain unmoved when I have to deal with stool, urine, vomit or spittle.

(F) From time to time I will be able to instruct, inspire, enthuse, and cheer the sick with the Teaching.

(G) Even if I cannot heal a patient with the proper diet, proper medicine and proper nursing I will still minister to him, out of compassion.

Origin and Sources

The Pāḷi Canon contains a considerable amount of information about sickness, health, medicine, healing, medical care and medical ethics.[2] Because early Buddhism did not claim that all physical conditions, injury and illness included, are necessarily caused by past karma, it saw the physicians role to be a vital one. The Buddha mentioned a range of causes of sickness of which only one is karma; the others being an imbalance in one or another of the four humors; i.e. bile (pitta), phlegm (sema), wind (vāta); an imbalance of all three (sannipāta), seasonal changes (utu), stronger than normal stress (visamaparihāra), and external agencies (opakkamika), e.g. accidents.[3] On other occasions the Buddha mentioned that inappropriate diet and overeating can likewise cause sickness while intelligent eating habits can contribute to "freedom from sickness and affliction, health, strength and comfortable living".[4] The Buddha praised the competent physician and nurse in these words: "Those who tend the sick are of great benefit (to others)." [5] Because the Pāḷi Canon predates the separation and specialization of the medical profession as presented in āyurvedic treatises, it rarely makes a distinction between the doctor or physician (bhisakka, tikicchaka, vejja) and the nurse (gilānaupaṭṭhāka).[6] At that time the doctor probably performed all the functions in the sick room, including that of nursing patients.

The Vejjavatapada is derived from four passages from the Pāḷi Canon dating from between circa 5th and the 3rd centuries BCE, each of them attributed to the Buddha. The preamble contains two quotes from the Pali Canon, the first line of verse 204 of the Dhammapada,[7] and from the Vinaya where the Buddha, after having attended to a sick monk neglected by his fellows, instructed his monks to care for each other when they are sick.[8] Of the following articles the first five are based closely on a discourse in which the Buddha lays down the attitudes and skills which would make "one who would wait on the sick qualified to nurse the sick.".[9] The final article is taken from the discourse in which the Buddha describes three types of patients according to their response to treatment; i.e. one who dies whether he gets proper treatment or not, one who recovers whether he gets proper treatment or not and one who recovers only if he gets proper treatment. In the case of this first type, he or she should still be treated and nursed out of compassion and just in case there is a chance, no matter how slim, of recovery.[10]

Of the seven articles in the Vejjavatapada, the first highlights the importance of care (hita), kindness (dayā) and compassion (anukampā) in the healing process. The second concerns the physician's responsibility to be fully trained in and skilled in the administration of drugs, given that the physician's raison d'Ṝtre is effective healing and that some medicines and surgical procedures can be potentially dangerous. According to Dhammika, this second article is equivalent to the Hippocratic Oath's third and fourth stipulation that the physician shall never do anything to harm a patient, even if asked to do so.[11] It is the primum non nocere of Western medical ethics. The fourth article counsels the physician to put their welfare above his or her personal gain. The fifth article recognizes that at times it might be necessary to deal with the loathsome aspects of the human body and that the physician should do this with detachment, both for his or her own mental balance and so as not to embarrass the patient. The sixth article recognizes the fact that spiritual counselling or comfort can have a part to play in healing and that the physician needs to have at least some abilities in this area. There are several discourses which describe the Buddha doing just this.[12] The seventh and final article requires the physician to minister to the patient even if all the signs indicate that he or she is not responding to the treatment and will probably die. Even a dying patient may needs palliative care and being made physically and mentally comfortable. In an interesting comparison to this, Srusruta, the father of Indian medicine, advises the physician not to treat a patient he suspects of being incurable so as not to be blamed for the patient's death and injure his reputation.[13]

See also

Further reading

  • Demieville, Paul. (1985). Buddhism and Healing, translated into English by Mark Tatz, Boston.
  • Haldar, J. R. (1977). Medical Science in Pali Literature, Indian Museum Monographs, 10. Calcutta.
  • Keown, Damien. (1995). Buddhism & Bioethics. London and New York.
  • Keown, D. and Keown, J. 1995. Killing, Karma and Caring: Euthanasia in Buddhism and Christianity, Journal of Medical Ethics.
  • Mitra, Jyotir. (1985). A Critical Appraisal of Ayurvedic Material in Buddhist Literature, Varanasi.
  • Taniguchi, S. (1987). A Study of Biomedical Ethics from a Buddhist Perspective. MA Thesis, Berkeley: Graduate Theological Union and the Institute of Buddhist Studies. Florida.
  • Umezawa, K. (1988). Medical Ethics in Japan, Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 42:169-172.
  • Zysk, Kenneth, G. (1982). Studies in Traditional Indian Medicine in the Pāḷi Canon: Jīvaka and Āyurveda, Kenneth G. Zysk, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 5, pp. 309–13.

References

  1. ^ Dhammika, S. Vejjavatapada: The Buddhist Physician's Vow, Singapore, 2013, p.4
  2. ^ See Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery, Kenneth, G, Zysk, Delhi, 1998.
  3. ^ Saṃyutta Nikāya, ed. L. Feer, PTS London 1884-98, Vol.IV,p.230
  4. ^ Anguttara Nikāya, ed. Morris, R. and Hardy, E. editor (1885-1900). PTS London, Vol. III,p. 144; and Majjhima Nikāya, ed. V. Trenchner, R. Chalmers, PTS London 1887-1902, Vol. I, p.473
  5. ^ Api ca gilānupaṭṭhākā bahūpakārā, Vinaya I, 303. This was in contrast to Brahmanism which looked upon doctors with disdain. See Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism, Johannes Bronkhorst, 2011, pp.115-6.
  6. ^ Zysk, p.43
  7. ^ Dhammapada ed. Hinuber. O. Von and Norman, K. R. Oxford, 1994
  8. ^ Vinaya Piṭaka, Oldenberg, H. ed. 1879-83. London, Vol.I,p.302
  9. ^ Anguttara Nikaya III, p.144
  10. ^ Anguttara Nikaya I, p.121
  11. ^ Dhammika, p.5
  12. ^ Anguttara Nikāya III,297; Saṃyutta Nikāya V,381. Later Buddhist literature often encourages caring for and visiting the sick. The Brahmajala Sūtra says: "If a disciple of the Buddha sees anyone who is sick, he should provide for that person's needs as if he were making an offering to the Buddha." See Brahma Net Sutra, STCUSC, New York, 1998, VI,9. The Saddhammopāyana (Sri Lanka 12th century) says: "Nursing the sick was much praised by the Great Compassionate One and is it a wonder that he would do so? For the Sage sees the welfare of others as his own and thus that he should act as a benefactor is no surprise. This is why attending to the sick has been praised by the Buddha. One practicing great virtue should have loving concern for others." See Sadddhammopāyana, edited by Richard Morris, Journal of the Pali Text Society, 1887, pp.35-72.
  13. ^ An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita Based on Original Sanskrit Text, Bhishagratna, K. K. 1907, 3 vols.Varanasi, XXVII
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