Venus flytrap: Difference between revisions
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{{Taxobox |
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| name = Venus Flytrap |
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| status = VU |
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| status_system = iucn2.3 |
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| status_ref =<ref name="iucn">{{IUCN2006|assessors=Schnell, D., Catling, P., Folkerts, G., Frost, C., Gardner, R., ''et al.'' |year=2000|id=39636|title=Dionaea muscipula|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Listed as Vulnerable (VU A1acd, B1+2c v2.3) </ref> |
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| image = VFT_ne1.JPG |
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| image_caption = Venus Flytrap leaf |
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| image_width = 240px |
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae |
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| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] |
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] |
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| ordo = [[Caryophyllales]] |
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| familia = [[Droseraceae]] |
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| genus = '''''Dionaea''''' |
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| species= '''''D. muscipula''''' |
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| binomial = ''Dionaea muscipula'' |
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| binomial_authority = [[Daniel Solander|Sol.]] ''ex'' [[John Ellis (naturalist)|Ellis]] (1768) |
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| range_map =Dionaea distribution.svg |
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| range_map_width = 240px |
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| range_map_caption = Venus Flytrap distribution |
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| synonyms = |
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*''Dionaea corymbosa''<br><small>(Raf.) Steud. (1840)</small> |
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*''Dionaea crinita''<br><small>Sol. (1990) ''nom.superfl.''</small> |
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*''Dionaea dentata''<br><small>D'Amato (1998) ''nom.nud.''</small> |
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*''Dionaea heterodoxa''<br><small>D'Amato (1998) ''nom.nud.''</small> |
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*''Dionaea muscicapa''<br><small>St.Hil. (1824) ''sphalm.typogr.''</small> |
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*''Dionaea sensitiva''<br><small>Salisb. (1796)</small> |
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*''Dionaea sessiliflora''<br><small>(''auct. non'' G.Don: Raf.) Steud. (1840)</small> |
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*''Dionaea uniflora''<br><small>(''auct. non'' Willd.: Raf.) Steud. (1840)</small> |
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*''Drosera corymbosa''<br><small>Raf. (1833)</small> |
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*''Drosera sessiliflora''<br><small>''auct. non'' G.Don: Raf. (1833)</small> |
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*''Drosera uniflora''<br><small>''auct. non'' Willd.: Raf. (1833)</small> |
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}} |
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The '''Venus Flytrap,''' '''''Dionaea muscipula''''', is a [[carnivorous plant]] that catches and digests animal prey—mostly [[insect]]s and [[arachnid]]s. Its trapping structure is formed by the terminal portion of each of the plant's leaves and is triggered by tiny hairs on their inner surfaces. When an insect or spider crawling along the leaves comes into contact with one or more of the hairs twice in succession, the trap closes. The requirement of redundant triggering in this mechanism serves as a safeguard against the spurious expending of energy toward trapping other, non-living things which may not reward the plant with similar nutrition. |
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The plant's common name refers to [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]], the Roman goddess of love, whereas the genus name refers to [[Dione (mythology)|Dione]].{{Fact|date=March 2008}} ''Dionaea'' is a [[monotypic]] [[genus]] closely related to the [[Aldrovanda vesiculosa|waterwheel plant]] and [[sundew]]s. |
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==Description== |
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[[Image:Drawing of Venus Flytrap.jpg|thumb|160px|left|Illustration of the Venus Flytrap from ''[[Curtis's Botanical Magazine]]''.]] |
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The Venus Flytrap is a small [[herbaceous|herb]], forming a rosette of four to seven leaves, which arise from a short subterranean stem that is actually a bulb-like [[rhizome]]. Each leaf reaches a maximum size of about three to ten centimeters, depending on the time of year;<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sarracenia.com/faq/faq2000.html | work = The Carnivorous Plant FAQ | title = Venus Flytraps | accessdate= 2005-06-13 }}</ref> longer leaves with robust traps are usually formed after flowering. Flytraps that have more than 7 leaves are [[Colony (biology)|colonies]] formed by rosettes that have divided beneath the ground. |
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The leaf blade is divided into two regions: a flat, heart shaped photosynthetic capable [[Petiole (botany)| petiole]], and a pair of terminal lobes hinged at the midrib, forming the trap which is the true leaf. The upper surface of these lobes contains red [[anthocyanin]] pigments and its edges secrete [[mucilage]]. The lobes exhibit [[rapid plant movement]]s, snapping shut when stimulated by prey. The trapping mechanism is tripped when prey items stumble against one of the three hair-like [[trichome]]s that are found on the upper surface of each of the lobes. The trapping mechanism is so specialized that it can distinguish between living prey and non-prey stimuli such as falling raindrops;<ref name="PRS">Raven, Evert and Eichhorn,''"Biology of Plants" (7th edition)'', W.H. Freeman and Company, 2005</ref> two trigger hairs must be touched in succession or one hair touched twice,<ref name="PRS"/> whereupon the lobes of the trap will snap shut in about 0.1 seconds.<ref name=how>Forterre, Y., J.M. Skotheim, J. Dumais & L. Mahadevan 2005. {{PDFlink|[http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/dumais/Publications/Nature2005.pdf How the Venus flytrap snaps.]|318 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 326122 bytes -->}} ''Nature'' '''433''': 421–425. {{doi|10.1038/nature03185}}</ref> The edges of the lobes are fringed by stiff hair-like protrusions or cilia, which mesh together and prevent large prey items from escaping. (These protrusions, and the trigger hairs, are probably [[Homology (biology)|homologous]] with the tentacles found in this plant’s close relatives, the [[sundew]]s.) The holes in the meshwork allow small prey to escape, presumably because the benefit that would be obtained from them would be less than the cost of digesting them. If the prey is too small and escapes, the trap will reopen within 12 hours. If the prey moves around in the trap, it tightens and digestion begins more quickly. |
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Speed of closing can vary depending on the amount of humidity, light, size of prey, and general growing conditions. The speed with which traps close can be used as an indicator of a plant's general health. Venus Flytraps are not as humidity dependent as are some other carnivorous plants, such as ''[[Nepenthes]]'', ''[[Cephalotus]]'', most ''[[Heliamphora]]'', and some ''[[Drosera]]''. |
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The Venus Flytrap exhibits variations in petiole shape and length and whether the leaf lies flat on the ground or extends up at an angle of about 40-60 degrees. The four major forms are: 'typica', the most common, with broad decumbent petioles; 'erecta', with leaves at a 45 degree angle; 'linearis', with narrow petioles and leaves at 45 degrees; and 'filiformis', with extremely narrow or linear petioles. Except for 'filiformis', all of these can be stages in leaf production of any plant depending on season (decumbent in summer versus short versus semi-erect in spring), length of photoperiod (long petioles in spring versus short in summer), and intensity of light (wide petioles in low light intensity versus narrow in brighter light).{{Fact|date=March 2008}} |
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==Mechanism of trapping== |
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[[Image:Dionaea-muscipula-Ausloeseborste-Mikroskopaufnahme.jpg|left|thumb|Closeup of one of the hinged trigger hairs.]] |
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[[Image:Dionaea muscipula closed cilia.jpg|left|thumb|Closed cilia around the prey]] |
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The Venus Flytrap is one of a very small group of plants that are capable of [[rapid plant movement|rapid movement]], such as ''[[Mimosa]]'', the [[Telegraph plant]], [[sundew]]s and [[bladderwort]]s. |
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The mechanism by which the trap snaps shut involves a complex interaction between [[Elasticity (physics)|elasticity]], [[turgor]] and growth. In the open, untripped state, the lobes are [[wikt:convex|convex]] (bent outwards), but in the closed state, the lobes are [[wikt:concave|concave]] (forming a cavity). It is the rapid flipping of this [[bistability|bistable]] state that closes the trap,<ref name=how /> but the mechanism by which this occurs is still poorly understood. When the trigger hairs are stimulated, an [[action potential]] (mostly involving calcium ions — see [[calcium in biology]]) is generated, which propagates across the lobes and stimulates cells in the lobes and in the [[midrib]] between them.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Hodick D, Sievers A | title=The action potential of ''Dionaea muscipula'' Ellis | journal=Planta | volume=174 | year=1989 | pages=8–18 | url = http://www.springerlink.com/index/KL80VV1327508844.pdf | doi = 10.1007/BF00394867 }}</ref> Exactly what this stimulation does is still debated: cells in the outer layers of the lobes and midrib may rapidly secrete [[proton]]s into their cell walls, loosening them and allowing them to swell rapidly by [[osmosis]] and [[acid growth]]; alternatively, cells in the inner layers of the lobes and midrib may rapidly secrete other [[ion]]s, allowing water to follow by osmosis, and the cells to collapse. Both, either or neither of these mechanisms may play a role.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Hodick D, Sievers, A | title=On the mechanism of closure of Venus Flytrap (''Dionaea muscipula'' Ellis) | journal=Planta | volume=179 | year=1988 | pages=32–42 | url = http://www.springerlink.com/index/QPK061437U675H10.pdf | doi = 10.1007/BF00395768 }}</ref> |
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If the prey is unable to escape, it will continue to stimulate the inner surface of the lobes, and this causes a further growth response that forces the edges of the lobes together, eventually sealing the trap hermetically and forming a 'stomach' in which [[digestion]] occurs. Digestion is [[catalysis|catalysed]] by [[enzyme]]s secreted by glands in the lobes. Digestion takes about ten days, after which the prey is reduced to a husk of [[chitin]]. The trap then reopens, and is ready for reuse, even though the trap rarely catches more than three insects in its lifetime.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} |
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==Habitat== |
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The Venus Flytrap is found in [[nitrogen]]-poor environments, such as [[bog]]s and wet savannahs, where fire increases its survivability. Small in stature and slow growing, the Venus flytrap tolerates fire well, and depends on periodic burning to suppress its competition.<ref>{{cite journal | author=W. Schulze, E.D. Schulze, I. Schulze, and R. Oren | title=Quantification of insect nitrogen utilization by the venus fly trap Dionaea muscipula catching prey with highly variable isotope signatures | journal=Journal of Experimental Botany | volume=52 | number=358 | year=2001 | pages=1041-1049 | url=http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/52/358/1041}}</ref> Fire suppression threatens its future in the wild.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=how-does-the-venus-flytra | work = Scientific American | author = Leege, Lissa | title = How does the Venus flytrap digest flies? | accessdate= 2008-08-20 }}</ref> It survives in wet sandy and peaty soils. Although it has been successfully transplanted and grown in many locales around the world, it is found natively only in North and South Carolina in the United States, specifically within a 100 mile radius of [[Wilmington, North Carolina]]. {{Fact|date=May 2008}} One such place is North Carolina's [[Green Swamp]]. There also appears to be a naturalized species of Venus Flytraps in northern Florida as well as populations in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. According to anecdotal evidence, a well-known horticulturist dropped thousands of seeds in Florida in hopes of spreading this plant. The nutritional poverty of the soil is the reason that the plant relies on such elaborate traps: insect prey provide the nitrogen for [[protein]] formation that the soil cannot. The Venus Flytrap is not a tropical plant and can tolerate mild winters. In fact, Venus Flytraps that do not go through a period of winter dormancy will weaken and die after a period of time. |
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==Cultivation== |
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{{Howto}} |
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Venus Flytraps are popular as cultivated plants, but have a reputation for being difficult to grow. These plants are tropical, and as such, most home growers are unable to replicate the plant's natural habitat. Successfully growing these specialized plants requires recreating a close approximation to the plant's natural habitat. |
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[[Image:Venus.gif|thumb|left|Time-lapse photography of a growing trap.]] |
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Venus flytraps can be grown outside on a deck, window sill, or in the garden that receives two to four hours of sunlight.<ref name=web>[http://www.hungryplants.com/id15.htm Venus Flytrap]</ref> In areas of lower humidity, the plant can survive with frequent watering and a drainage system to prevent fungal growth. It is also beneficial to keep it in a tray with about an inch of water to maintain higher humidity levels. Stagnant water is dangerous for the plant, so using pebbles to elevate the plant from the water is safer for the plant. Venus flytraps grow better still in a greenhouse which often leads to healthy, vigorous and colourful plants. The colour of the trap leaves may be used as an indicator of sufficient light; in appropriate conditions the inside of each trap should be bright red in colour for most varieties. Insufficient light leads to the inside of the trap turning light green, although studies have shown other factors can contribute to the lack of red pigmentation. Low light also causes [[etiolation]] and makes plants more susceptible to diseases. |
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Venus flytraps are best grown in mixtures of [[sphagnum]] peat moss and/or [[peat]] often with the addition of sand, perlite or other inert salt free material. Soil [[pH]] should be in the range of 3.9 to 4.8. |
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[[Image:Flytrap.jpg|thumb|right|230px|The 'Dentate' cultivar of the venus fly trap in cultivation]] |
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Venus Flytraps ideally should not be watered with tap water as accumulated salts in tap water may kill carnivorous plants. While soft water with [[Total dissolved solids|TDS]] of 100 ppm or less yields good growth, both [[distillation|distilled]], reverse osmosis water or clean rain water are ideal. The soil should be kept constantly moist by placing the pot in a tray full of water, with the root bulb of the plant allowed to be above the level of the water at least part of the time to prevent root rot in stagnant water. There is no danger of over-watering as Venus flytraps can survive short periods of immersion underwater.<ref name=web /> |
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Some [[Horticulture|horticulturists]] have experimented with giving small amounts of [[fertiliser]] to Venus flytraps, usually applying diluted solutions of products formulated for [[epiphyte]]s, using cotton swabs, to the plant's foliage. Another method of fertiliser application is a spray bottle or pump. Beginners, however, and those without expendable plants, would be wise to avoid fertiliser in favor of insects. |
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[[Image:Dionaea muscipula bluete.jpeg|thumb|left|200px|Healthy venus flytraps produce flowers in the spring]] |
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Venus flytraps are entirely capable of catching their own food; thus, feeding them manually is not necessary. If for some reason a grower wishes to feed a flytrap, live insects no larger than 1/3 of the size of the trap may be used, as larger insects tend to have a detrimental effect on the plant as they often drastically shorten the individual trap's life and/or cause it to die. [[Alga]]l growth near the plant is an indicator of overfeeding, as is an abundance of dead, black traps. |
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Healthy Venus flytraps will produce scapes of white flowers in [[spring (season)|spring]], however, many growers remove the flowering stem early (2~3 inches), as flowering consumes some of the plant's energy, and reduces the rate of trap production. If healthy plants are allowed to flower, successful pollination will result in the production of dozens of small, shiny black seeds, which can be sown immediately or stored in the refrigerator. |
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Venus flytraps have a necessary winter dormancy period, triggered by nighttime temperatures below 10 °[[celsius|C]] (50 °[[fahrenheit|F]]) and reduced day length.<ref name=web /> In climates with mild winters they can be kept outside to overwinter ([[hardiness zone]] 9 or greater). The soil should be kept slightly moist and the area well ventilated to prevent the growth of [[Botrytis|grey mold]]. Those who live in areas with extremely cold winters ([[hardiness zone]] 8 or less) might consider placing plants in a plastic bag in the refrigerator for two to three months, starting in Autumn, although they can survive freeze-over for brief periods of time.<ref name=web /> |
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Plants can be propagated by seed, although seedlings will take several years to mature. More commonly, they may be propagated by division in spring or summer. |
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==Cultivars== |
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[[Image:Dionaea muscipula01.jpg|thumb|Typical variety of the Venus Flytrap.]] |
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[[Image:Dionaea muscipula akai ryu.jpg|thumb|''Dionaea muscipula'' 'Akai Ryu', Japanese for 'Red Dragon', in cultivation.]] |
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Venus Flytraps are, by far, the most commonly recognized and cultivated carnivorous plant. They are sold as houseplants and are often found at florists, hardware stores and supermarkets. Although the genus is [[monotypic]], during the past ten years or so, large quantities of cultivars have come into the market through [[Plant tissue culture|tissue culture]] of select genetic mutations. It is through tissue culture that great quantities of plants are raised for commercial markets. |
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Some of the registered [[cultivar]]s (cultivated varieties) include (name of originator in brackets): |
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* ''Dionaea muscipula'' 'Akai Ryu' {R.Gagliardo} |
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* ''Dionaea muscipula'' 'Big Mouth' {T.Camilleri} |
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* [[Dionaea muscipula 'Bohemian Garnet'|''Dionaea muscipula'' 'Bohemian Garnet']] {M.Srba} |
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* ''Dionaea muscipula'' 'Clayton's Red Sunset' {C.Clayton} |
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* ''Dionaea muscipula'' 'Clumping Cultivar' {D'Amato} |
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* ''Dionaea muscipula'' 'Dentate' {D'Amato} |
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* ''Dionaea muscipula'' 'Dentate Traps' {B.Meyers-Rice} |
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* ''Dionaea muscipula'' 'Dente' {D'Amato} |
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* ''Dionaea muscipula'' 'Fused Tooth' {D'Amato} |
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* ''Dionaea muscipula'' 'Jaws' {L.Song} |
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* ''Dionaea muscipula'' 'Kinchyaku' {K.Kondo} |
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* ''Dionaea muscipula'' 'Red Piranha' {E.Read} |
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* ''Dionaea muscipula'' 'Red Rosetted' {D'Amato} |
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* ''Dionaea muscipula'' 'Royal Red' {AUPBR 464} |
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* ''Dionaea muscipula'' 'Sawtooth' {B.Meyers-Rice} |
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An unofficial list includes many more names, with more added annually. None of these "variation names" are officially recognized unless the name is properly documented, registered and accepted by the International Registration Authority for carnivorous plant [[cultivar]]s, the [[International Carnivorous Plant Society]]. |
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==Conservation== |
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{{Inappropriate tone|date=August 2008}} |
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The general consensus of most professional plant conservationists is that the best means to ensure survival of the Venus Flytrap is to protect a number of populations in their native and natural habitats, preferably as large areas of managed preserves. Although it may be possible to perpetuate the species indefinitely in cultivation, this is no substitute for protecting wild populations in their natural habitats. For example, cultivation by its very nature exerts strong [[artificial selection]] pressures that will change the species, possibly in unintended or unexpected ways. Such [[ex-situ conservation]] is severely limited also because plants become diseased or eaten and because there are unavoidable random events ranging from the greenhouse heat failing in winter to full scale wars. In essence, the safest place for the Venus flytrap is in nature. The natural beauty of the wild populations of flytraps has been marred by decades of field-collection by and for plant collectors and has taken a heavy toll. Many wet pine savannas, once inhabited by thousands of flytraps, are now pock-marked with holes where plants were dug for sale. Many of these plants end up on window sills as novelty items that die in a few short weeks or months. |
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Efforts should be made most vigorously, therefore, to preserve wild populations. Conservation of the flytrap means buying up and protecting lands on which it naturally grows, which then can be preserved, managed, and restored. This effort costs considerable money. One solution to the problem is to place a surcharge on each plant sold to generate funds to save wild populations (see [http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/flytrap Save the Venus Flytrap] below). |
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Currently, there are estimated to be more than 3-6 million plants in cultivation compared to only 35,800 plants remaining in nature.<ref name=tcb>[http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/flytrap How to generate funds to conserve wild populations]</ref> Several prominent plant conservationists suggest the plant be labeled as Vulnerable.<ref name=tcb/> Precise data on the distribution of population sizes in 1992 from the Office of Plant Protection suggests a more dire state for the species (see Fig. 3 [http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/flytrap Save the Venus Flytrap]). Every size class in red is slated for eventual extinction with the green ones persisting longer. In essence, all smaller populations may go extinct for stochastic reasons and, since small population are more numerous in nature now and contribute more to the total number of plants remaining in the species, most of this unique and remarkable carnivorous plant species may be going extinct soon. Note that the figure of 35,800 plants in 1992 is over 15 years old and undoubtedly, therefore, underestimates the current situation. |
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The reader, however, can best save the Venus flytrap through the concept of a surcharge,<ref name=tcb/> by boycotting flytrap growers who poach from wild populations, and by applying pressure on the States of North Carolina and South Carolina to preserve more [http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/salmon%2Dhabitat/critical%2Dhabitat/ Critical Habitat] with flytraps on them as well as by supporting private conservation efforts (e.g. [http://www.nature.org The Nature Conservancy]). |
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==Popular culture== |
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{{seealso|Venus Trap}} |
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:TV MMPR invenusable flytrap.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Invenusable Flytrap, a villain on [[Mighty Morphin Power Rangers]]|{{deletable image-caption|1=Sunday, 2 March 2008}}]] --> |
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Venus Flytrap-like plants are common in fictional works, usually in a much larger (and sometimes [[Sentience|sentient]]) form capable of digesting a human being. Probably the most famous is Audrey II in ''[[Little Shop of Horrors (musical play)|Little Shop of Horrors]]'', a flytrap-like alien plant that lives on human blood and eventually grows large enough to swallow people whole (the [[off-Broadway]] play was based on a low-budget [[black comedy]], ''[[The Little Shop of Horrors]]'', in which the plant was named Audrey Junior). |
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[[The Addams Family]] had a large, monstrous Venus Flytrap-like plant named Cleopatra, which Morticia took care of; although actually a snake-like "African Strangler," Cleopatra could consume living prey like a flytrap. Other fictional outings include the Philippine comic ''[[Darna]]'', where the villain Flaviana turns Venus Flytraps into monsters as a defense. A one-time villain on ''[[Mighty Morphin Power Rangers]]'' was the Invenusable Flytrap, a humanoid plant creature. There was also a character named [[Venus Flytrap (WKRP in Cincinnati)|Venus Flytrap]] on the television sitcom ''[[WKRP in Cincinnati]]''. |
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Cartoons frequently make use of monstrous plants; examples include, but certainly are not limited to ''[[Inspector Gadget]]'', the alien hero [[Wildvine]] from the [[Cartoon Network]] original series ''[[Ben 10]]'', ''[[Darkwing Duck]]'', ''[[The Simpsons]]'' and [[List of Naruto antagonists#Zetsu|Zetsu]], a villain character in the [[manga]] series, ''[[Naruto]]''. Video games such as ''[[Super Mario Bros.]]'' use similar creatures called [[piranha plant]]s as enemies and [[Rampage: Total Destruction]] has a venus fly trap-like plant named Venus. In [[Crash Bandicoot]] there are [[piranha plant]]-like creatures. Also in [[Jak & Daxter]] there can be a [[piranha plant]] seen in the Green Sage's hut. Another video game, called ''[[Venus The Flytrap]]'', involves a robotic fly which tries to destroy other robotic insects.<ref>[http://www.mobygames.com/game/venus-the-flytrap/ MobyGames page for Venus the Flytrap]</ref> The [[Infocom]] [[text adventure]] game ''[[Leather Goddesses of Phobos]]'' features a giant (mobile) flytrap which attempts to eat the player's character. ''[[The Sims 2: University]]'' features an unlockable object, the Cow Plant, which will lure non-player characters with a cake lure and eat them if not fed regularly. The [[Gravemind]] in ''[[Halo 2]]'' resembles a large venus flytrap. The Deku Babas, Twilit Babas and Boko Babas in ''[[The Legend of Zelda]]'' all resemble venus flytraps. In [[Pokemon Diamond and Pearl]], [[Carnivine]]'s design is based on the Venus Flytrap; its [[Japanese language|Japanese]] name, ''Muskippa'', is based on the scientific name ''muscipula''. [[Creepshow 2]] features a series of animated shorts about a young boy who purchases Giant Venus Flytrap bulbs and tricks a group of bullies into following him to where the large plant is rooted, only for them to be devoured one by one. |
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In the computer game ''[[The Neverhood]]'' there are 2 venus flytraps in different areas of the game that [[Klaymen]], the protagonist, needs to jump into in order to pass the level. The Plant Control powerset in [[City of Villains]] includes a Giant Flytrap pet. |
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[[30 Seconds to Mars]]' second album, ''[[A Beautiful Lie]]'', includes a single called [[The Kill]]. The single's album art has a Venus flytrap in the front. |
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The Venus Flytrap also has been used as a base in the online world of Ragnarok Online, a Korean based MMORPG. The Mob that a player could fight is called the Muscipular. It looks and behaves like a Venus Flytrap. |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons|Dionaea muscipula}} |
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* [http://culturesheet.org/droseraceae:dionaea:muscipula VFT cultivation] on Culturesheet.org |
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* [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/plants_and_algae/Dionaea_muscipula/ Images and movies of the Venus Flytrap ''(Dionaea muscipula)'' at ARKive] |
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* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A2982404 How to grow a Venus flytrap] |
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* [http://sarracenia.com/faq.html The Carnivorous Plant FAQ] |
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* [http://www.botany.org/bsa/misc/carn.html The Mysterious Venus Flytrap] |
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* [http://www.physorg.com/news2841.html Discovery explains how the Venus Flytrap snaps.] |
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* [http://science.howstuffworks.com/venus-flytrap.htm How Venus Flytraps Work] |
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* [http://web.archive.org/web/20041009175413/http://www.nybg.org/pr/carnivorous.html Venus Flytrap evolution] |
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* [http://ils.unc.edu/parkproject/visit/cabe/home.html Carolina Beach State Park, "Fly trap Trail"] |
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* [http://www.botany.org/Carnivorous_Plants/venus_flytrap.php Botanical Society of America, ''Dionaea muscipula'' - The Venus Flytrap] |
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* [http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/flytrap/ Save The Venus Flytrap] |
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{{CarnivorousPlants}} |
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[[Category:Carnivorous plants of North America]] |
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[[Category:Droseraceae]] |
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[[Category:Articles containing video clips]] |
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{{link FA|de}} |
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{{Link FA|de}} |
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[[als:Venusfliegenfalle]] |
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[[ar:خناق الذباب]] |
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[[bn:ভেনাস ফ্লাইট্র্যাপ (উদ্ভিদ)]] |
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[[bg:Мухоловка]] |
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[[cs:Mucholapka podivná]] |
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[[da:Fluefanger]] |
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[[de:Venusfliegenfalle]] |
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[[el:Διωναία]] |
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[[es:Dionaea muscipula]] |
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[[eo:Muŝkaptulo (planto)]] |
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[[fr:Dionée attrape-mouche]] |
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[[hsb:Muchowy rybork]] |
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[[hr:Venerina muholovka]] |
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[[it:Dionaea muscipula]] |
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[[he:דיונאה]] |
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[[ka:ვენერას ბუზიჭერია]] |
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[[la:Dionaea muscipula]] |
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[[lt:Jautrusis musėkautas]] |
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[[hu:Vénusz légycsapója]] |
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[[nl:Venusvliegenvanger]] |
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[[ja:ハエトリグサ]] |
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[[no:Venusfluefanger]] |
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[[pl:Muchołówka]] |
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[[pt:Dionéia]] |
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[[ro:Dionaea muscipula]] |
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[[ru:Венерина мухоловка]] |
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[[simple:Venus fly-trap]] |
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[[fi:Kärpäsloukku]] |
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[[sv:Venus flugfälla]] |
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[[te:డయోనియా]] |
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[[tr:Sinekkapan bitkisi]] |
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[[zh:捕蠅草]] |
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Revision as of 15:21, 15 October 2008
fag