Virjal
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| approx. 170000 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Russia,  Chuvashia,  Mari El | |
| Languages | |
| Upper Chuvash, Chuvash | |
| Religion | |
| Orthodox, Chuvash Paganism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Chuvash people |
Virjal or Viryal (Template:Lang-cv [vir] — upper, west and Template:Lang-cv [yal] — village, community) — a part of Chuvash people. Denomination "Virjal", i. e. upper, living upstream of Volga River, is opposed to Anatri (Template:Lang-cv [anat] — lower, east), i. e. Lower Chuvash, living downstream of Volga River.
Origin
Some scientists suggest Upper Chuvash descend from Hill Maris, assimilated by Chuvashs.[1][2][3] Anthropological analysis via mathematical simulation suggests Hill Maris and Upper Chuvashs are represented by the same anthropological type.[4]
Historical evidence
Russian chronicles refer to Upper Chuvashs and Hill Maris as "cheremisa gorniaya" ("черемиса горняя", literally Hill Cheremis).[5]
Traditional dress
Virjal women's dress cut is virtually the same as Hill Mari women's dress as Nina Gagen-Torn[6] and others refer.
Virjal and Hill Mari had similar technology of making bast shoes which was different from the one used by Anatri. Upper Chuvashs wore long footwraps and puttees. Feet wrapping was thick, similar to that of Finno Ugric neighbours. Virjal had black broadcloth footwraps, Anat Jenchi (Middle Lower Chuvashs) had black and white ones, and Anatri had just white.
Dialect
In Virjal dialect vowel о [o] is often used instead of literary у [u] and sometimes others: окçа [okscha] instead of укçа [ukscha] (money), орпа [orpa] instead of урпа [urpa] (barley). Plural affix -сам [sam] is often used instead of literary -сем [sem]: лашасам [lashasam] instead of лашасем [lashasem] (horses).
As opposed to subgroups of some adjacent ethnicities like Maris and Mordvins which have distinctive differences between dialects, Chuvash dialects and specific ethnic subgroup cultural features developed relatively late. It is evidence of Chuvash ancestors in pre-Mongol era were basically united Bulgarian nation which was in process of ethnic consolidation. At the same time all the basic features of common Bulgarian language were formed on basis of different tribal dialects consolidation. Bulgarian language later became a foundation of Chuvash language.[7]
Toponymy
In some areas of Virjal settlement Mari toponymy is still used.
Turi
Upper Chuvashs are sometimes called Turi [turi] (Template:Lang-cv — mountain, hill). In pre-Mongol era there were two primary territories where Chuvashs lived and at the time they were distinguished not by the Volga river flow but instead by settlement on the left (hill, тури) and the right (steppe - хирти [hirti], or Kama area) banks of the river. During academical expedition of XVIII century Peter Simon Pallas described exactly two groups of Chuvashs - upstream of Volga and Kama steppe.[7]
See also
References
- ^ Трофимова Т.А. Антропологические материалы к вопросу о происхождении чувашей//СЭ. 1950. №3. С. 55, 65.
- ^ Козлова К.И. Об этнических связях чувашей и марийцев. Вестник МГУ: историко-филологическая серия. Москва. 1985.
- ^ Хамидуллин Б.Л. Народы Казанского ханства: этносоциологическое исследование. Казань, 2002.
- ^ Абрамов В.К. К вопросу об антропологическом типе горных марийцев. 2005.
- ^ Труды и лѣтописи Общества истории и древностей российских, Том 4, Выпуск 1
- ^ Гаген-Торн Н. И. Женская одежда народов Поволжья. — Чебоксары, 1960.
- ^ a b Иванов В.П., Николаев В.В., Димитриев В.Д. Чуваши: этническая история и традиционная культура