Volcker Commission
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The Volcker Commission, also known as the Independent Committee of Eminent Persons (ICEP), was established in 1996 to investigate the accounts lying dormant since the Second World War in various banks in Switzerland. The committee was headed by former United States Chairman of the Federal Reserve Paul Volcker and was composed of three representatives from the Swiss Bankers Association and three appointed by Jewish organizations.
Background
[edit]Due to Switzerland's status as a neutral country bordering on Germany and Austria, many Jews fleeing the Holocaust deposited large amounts of money and valuables in Swiss banks.[1] However, when survivors' or victims' heirs tried to recover their money following the war, many faced bureaucratic stonewalling by the banks which often seemed not to recognize the special conditions which had been experienced by Holocaust victims. A number of times after the end of World War II, Swiss banks came under criticism for their behaviour, particularly over the issue of the handling of dormant accounts, most of which were presumed to have belonged to victims of the Holocaust. During the next forty years, a number of rather feeble responses were undertaken. However, during the 1990s it became clear that there was a need for a more robust response to the criticism.[2][3]
Memorandum of Understanding
[edit]The Commission was established by a memorandum of understanding on May 2, 1996, between the World Jewish Restitution Organization, the World Jewish Congress and the Swiss Bankers Association. The MOU indicated two objectives for the committee: "(a) to identify accounts in Swiss banks of victims of Nazi persecution that have lain dormant since World War II or have otherwise not been made available to those victims or their heirs; (b) to assess the treatment of the accounts of victims of Nazi persecution by Swiss banks."[4]
Methodology
[edit]The committee used the services of five independent accounting firms with international reputations who were licensed to audit banks in Switzerland. The investigation covered a period of some 60 years, from 1933 to 1995. Some 254 Swiss banks existing in 1945 were investigated, which covered 82% of the banking system. External costs which were borne by the Swiss banks totaled some CHF 300 million and some 650 accountants participated in the study. At the outset, there was a certain uneasiness in some of the banks with such an intrusive process. However, this changed, and the committee was able to report that only one bank, the Banque Cantonale de Geneve, refused to cooperate with the investigation.[5]
The raw materials for the work was provided by identifying all accounts that were open or opened in Swiss banks during the period 1933-1945. This yielded some 4.1 million accounts. There were no remaining records for 2.8 million additional accounts. The account names were compared by computers with the names of Nazi victims drawn from lists held by Holocaust researchers. Secondly, a selective non-automated examination of account-by-account analysis of available documentation.[6]
Members
[edit]- Ruben Beraja, Avraham Burg, and Ronald S. Lauder were appointed representatives for the World Jewish Restitution Organization, with Zvi Barak and Israel Singer as alternates.
- Curt Gasteyger, Klaus Jacobi, and Pieder Mengiardi were appointed representatives of the Swiss Bankers Association, with Hans J. Baer and Rene Rhinow as alternates.
Results
[edit]In 1999, the Volcker Commission found 53,886 Swiss bank accounts that likely belonged to victims of the Holocaust, in addition to the 5,570 accounts first discovered during the 1997 self-audit. 10,471 of the newly discovered accounts were Category 1 accounts, which meant that they were matched to the names of known Holocaust victims, or Category 2 accounts, which meant there was probable relationship between the account holder and Nazi persecution.[7] These accounts together contained an estimated value of 31.5 million Swiss Francs, however many accounts lacked necessary fiscal information to make a sound determination. Category 3 and 4 accounts, which had weaker and weakest Holocaust nexus respectively, added 43,415 accounts and 4.2 million Swiss Francs to the tally.[7]
In 1998, a United States class-action lawsuit resulted in a settlement of $1.25 billion by the two largest Swiss banks, which is supposed to cover claims by victims and their heirs.[8]
Notes
[edit]- ^ (ICEP 1999) p. 2
- ^ Ferstman, Carla; Goetz, Mariana; Stephens, Alan (2009). Reparations for Victims of Genocide, War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity. Brill. p. 576. ISBN 978-90-04-17449-8.pages: 127-128
- ^ Jacques Picard in New, Mitya (1997). Switzerland Unwrapped: Exposing the Myths. I. B. Tauris. pp. 32–33. ISBN 1-86064-300-0.
- ^ (ICEP 1999) pp. 1-2
- ^ (ICEP 1999) pp. 5-6
- ^ (ICEP 1999) pp. 6-11
- ^ a b Alford, Roger (2002). "The Claims Resolution Tribunal and Holocaust Claims against Swiss Banks". Berkeley Journal of International Law. 20 (1): 255. doi:10.15779/Z38C069.
- ^ Wurz, Jeannie (3 September 2013). "Looking back at the Holocaust assets controversy". Swissinfo. Retrieved 2021-02-24.
References
[edit]- Independent Committee of Eminent Persons, Report on Dormant Accounts of Victims of Nazi Persecution in Swiss Banks, Berne, Staempfli Publishers Ltd. 1999.(ICEP 1999 ) Table of Contents, Report, Annexes, Appendices
- "Investigators Find Thousands of Unclaimed Swiss Bank Accounts", Jewish Virtual Library, 6 December 1999, Accessed 30 May 2007.
- "Members of the Independent Committee of Eminent Persons", Jewish Virtual Library, 1999, Accessed 30 May 2007.