View source for Whitmore Square

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Use Australian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox park
| name           = Whitmore Square
| native_name    = Iparrityi
| image          = whitmore square 2.jpg
| image_caption  = From the Southern end, facing North
| map            = Australia South Australia City of Adelaide
| type           = Square
| location       = [[Adelaide]], [[South Australia]], [[Australia]]
| coordinates    = {{coord|-34.9328|138.5942|type:landmark_region:AU-SA|display=title,inline|format=dms}}
| area           = {{convert|2.4|ha}}
| created        = {{start date|1837}}
}}
[[File:whitemore square 1.jpg|thumb|right|Oversize chess in the square.]]
'''Whitmore Square''', also known as '''Iparrityi''' (formerly '''Ivaritji'''), is one of five [[public square]]s in the [[Adelaide city centre]], [[South Australia]]. Occupying 2.4ha (24,000 m<sup>2</sup>), it is located at the junction of [[Sturt Street, Adelaide|Sturt]] and [[Morphett Street|Morphett]] streets in the south-western quarter of the [[Adelaide city centre|Adelaide city grid]].

It is one of six squares designed by the founder of Adelaide, [[William Light]], who was [[Surveyor-General]] at the time, in his 1837 plan of the City of Adelaide which spanned the [[River Torrens]] Valley, comprising the city centre (South Adelaide) and [[North Adelaide]]. The square was named in 1837 by the [[Street Naming Committee]] after [[William Wolryche-Whitmore]], a British politician who had introduced the ''[[South Australia Act 1834]]'' to the [[British House of Commons]]. In 2003, as part of the [[dual naming]] initiative of the [[Adelaide City Council]], a second name, Ivaritji (later corrected to Iparrityi), was assigned in the [[Kaurna language|Kaurna]] language of the original inhabitants. [[Iparrityi]] (c.1847—1929), also known as Amelia Taylor, was the last full-blood [[Kaurna]] person and last speaker of the Kaurna language.

==History==
===Pre-colonial history===
The Adelaide area was inhabited long before European settlement in 1836 by one of the tribes which later came to be known as the Kaurna people, or Adelaide tribe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/subjects/kaurna-people|website=Adelaidia|title=Kaurna People|date=20 March 2017 |access-date=1 July 2019}}</ref>
===As Whitmore Square===
Whitmore Square is one of six squares in Colonel [[William Light]]'s 1837 plan for the city of Adelaide and the only one which retains the configuration given to it by [[Light's Vision|Light's plan]].<ref name="ACC">{{cite web|title=Adelaide Park Lands & Squares: Whitmore Square Report|url=http://www.adelaidecitycouncil.com/assets/documents/apl_3.1.35_sq_whitmore_square_report.pdf|access-date=9 November 2014|publisher=Adelaide City Council}}</ref> Light intended that the squares be used as public parks or [[Village green|village commons]].<ref name="hub"/>

It was named by the Street Naming Committee on 23 May 1837<ref name=streetnames>{{cite web|url=https://published.collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/placenamesofsouthaustralia/Streets_of_Adelaide_and_Nth_Adelaide.pdf|publisher=State Library of South Australia|title=Nomenclature of the Streets of Adelaide and North Adelaide|quote=taken from The City of Adelaide Year Book, 1939-1940|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> after William Wolryche Whitmore, a British politician who introduced the ''South Australia Act 1834'', also known as the ''Foundation Act'', to the British House of Commons.<ref>{{cite web | title = History of Adelaide Through Street Names | work = History of South Australia website | url = http://www.historysouthaustralia.net/STsquare.htm | access-date = 2008-07-25 }}</ref> He was also one of the board of the South Australian Colonisation Commission set up by the Act.<ref name=appa>{{cite web|url=http://www.adelaide-parklands.asn.au/whitmore-square|title=Whitmore Square|access-date=28 November 2019|website=Adelaide Park Lands Preservation Association}}</ref>

After the removal of indigenous trees during the city's early colonial settlement, Whitmore Square was replanted in the 1850s and fenced to protect it from animals. The fences were finally removed in 1932.<ref name="hub"/> In the 1930s the square was a meeting place for people to discuss current affairs as well as a place for local children to play.<ref name="Adelaide Now">{{cite news|title=Whitmore: Renaissance of our neglected Adelaide CBD square|work=City Messenger|url=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/messenger/city/whitmore-renaissance-of-our-neglected-adelaide-cbd-square/story-fni9lkxa-1226768019840|author=Staff Writers|date=25 November 2013|access-date=9 November 2014}}</ref>

During World War II, [[air raid shelter|air raid trenches]] were installed in the square and it was used for training of soldiers.<ref name="hub"/>

From 1909-1958 the north-west corner of the square was cut off by electric tram tracks.<ref name="hub"/>

===Dual naming===
In March 2003, as part of the [[City of Adelaide]]'s dual naming project in association with the [[University of Adelaide]]'s project{{clarify|date=November 2019}}, the square was assigned the name "Ivaritji",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/meaning/?template=print|title=Kaurna Placename Meanings within the City of Adelaide|website=University of Adelaide. Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi|date= 27 Nov 2019|access-date=28 November 2019 }}</ref> to commemorate the last full-blood Kaurna person and speaker of the language, a woman also known as Amelia Taylor, who was the daughter of [[Ityamai-itpina]] ("King Rodney"). The spelling of her name was later amended to Iparrityi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://living.cityofadelaide.com.au/city-squares-recognise-women-from-the-past/|website=City of Adelaide|title=City squares recognise women from the past|date=19 Mar 2018|access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=amerywilliams2002>{{cite book|title=The land is a map: placenames of Indigenous origin in Australia|pages=255–276 | last1=Amery | first1=Rob | last2=Williams | first2=Georgina | chapter =Reclaiming through renaming: the reinstatement of Kaurna toponyms in Adelaide and the Adelaide Plains | via=Adelaide Research & Scholarship ([[University of Adelaide]])|publisher= Pandanus | date=2002| url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/38704 |isbn=1740760204| access-date=7 March 2021|chapter-url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p29191/pdf/ch182.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Park 15 | website=Adelaide Park Lands Preservation Association | url=https://www.adelaide-parklands.asn.au/park-15 | access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref> [[Ivaritji|Iparrityi]] was born in the 1840s in [[Port Adelaide]], and is sometimes referred to as "the last woman of the Adelaide Tribe".<ref name=appa/> The name is a Kaurna  word meaning "gentle, misty rain".<ref name="hub">{{cite web|last1=Clark|first1=Amber|last2=Ramm|first2=Kara-Lee|last3=McInnes| first3=Simone| last4=Elton| first4=Jude| title=Whitmore Square, SA History Hub|publisher=History SA|url= https://sahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au:443/places/whitmore-square?hh=1&| access-date=9 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=Gara1990>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of the Anthropological Society of Adelaide
|url=http://www.anthropologysocietysa.com/home/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Gara-1990a.pdf|volume=28|issue=1–2 (Aboriginal Australia: Special issue)|date=December 1990| editor1=Tom| editor2=Gara|title=The life of Ivaritji|first=Tom|last=Gara|pages=64–100|issn=1034-4438}}</ref>

==21st century==
By the 1990s the square had become known as a place for homeless people, public intoxication, drug use and prostitution, so seen as an unsafe place to be at night. The square was made a [[Alcohol laws of Australia|dry zone]] in 2001, and a nearby strip club converted into live music venue, the Whitmore Hotel.<ref name="Adelaide Now"/> A giant chess board and a basketball half-court were installed in 2007 and 2009 respectively.<ref name="hub"/> The square become a more "community-orientated park" with a Community Verge Garden on the western side. Regular events started being held in the square, such as food truck fairs and film nights.<ref name="Adelaide Now"/>

In December 2007, a public artwork, ''Voyagers'', was unveiled on the western side of Whitmore Square. It pays homage to the [[Afghan cameleers in Australia|Afghan cameleers]] who lived nearby and worshipped at the [[Central Adelaide Mosque]] when not working in the outback.<ref>{{cite web|title=Voyagers|url=http://www.adelaidia.sa.gov.au/things/voyagers|last=Elton|first=Jude|publisher=History SA|date=2013|access-date=9 November 2014}}</ref> {{as of|2018}} the memorial did not have any signs explaining its purpose or the meaning of the scripts on the memorial.<ref name=RG>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327836127|title=Historical Archaeology Report: Mahomet Allum Khan|first=Amirul Husni |last=Affifudin|date=Sep 2018|doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.23125.27365|website=ResearchGate|access-date=27 November 2019|pages=27–29}}</ref>

In the 2010s the revival of the area continued, with several new cafes opening. In September 2018 the Whitmore Hotel reopened as Sparkke at the Whitmore, after local speciality brewers Sparkke Change Beverage Co bought the building.<ref>{{cite news|website=Adelaide Now|publisher=The Advertiser|url=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/delicious-sa/historic-cbd-pub-set-to-reopen-as-sparkke-at-the-whitmore/news-story/b3613d42d02ee7efa9448c9fa1749193|title=Historic Whitmore Hotel in the CBD to reopen as Sparkke at the Whitmore|first=Gordon|last=Knight|date= 5 September 2018|access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>

The [[City of Adelaide]], after community consultation, approved the Whitmore Square/Iparrityi Master Plan at the 11 June 2019 Council meeting. New lighting to the diagonal path across the square as well as feature tree lighting has already been installed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Whitmore Square/Iparrityi Master Plan |url=https://yoursay.cityofadelaide.com.au/whitmore-square|website=City of Adelaide|access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|url=http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/places/whitmore-square|website=Adelaidia|title=Whitmore Square|first1=Amber|last1= Clark|first2= Kara-Lee|last2= Ramm|first3=Simone|last3= McInnes|first4= Jude|last4= Elton|date=26 September 2014 }}
*{{cite web | title=Kaurna Golden Rule Stories: Kaurna Stories: Ivaritji | website=The Abraham Institute  | url=https://www.abrahaminstitute.net/kaurna-golden-rule-stories}}  – Ivaritji's life story and achievements

{{Adelaide CBD Streets|state=collapsed}}
{{AdelaideParklands|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Squares in Adelaide]]
[[Category:Parks in Adelaide]]