View source for Woodbine Group

{{short description|Geological formation in Texas, United States}}
{{Infobox rockunit
| name           = Woodbine Formation
| image          =DFWsection.jpg
| caption        =Cross section of Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex geologic formations
| type           = [[Geological formation]]
| age            = [[Cenomanian]]<ref name="Denne et al.">Denne, R. A., Breyer, J. A., Callender, A. D., Hinote, R. E., Kariminia, M., Kosanke, T. H., Kita, Z., Lees, J. A., Rowe, H., Spaw, J. M., and Tur, N. (2016). Biostratigraphic and geochemical constraints on the stratigraphy and depositional environments of the Eagle Ford and Woodbine Groups of Texas: ''in'' Breyer, J. A. (ed.), The Eagle Ford Shale: A renaissance in U.S. oil production, AAPG Memoir 110, p. 1-84.</ref> {{fossilrange|96}}
| period         = Cenomanian
| prilithology   = Sandstone
| otherlithology = Siltstone, mudstone
| namedfor       = [[Woodbine, Texas]]<ref name="Hill">Hill, R. T. (1901). Geography and geology of the black and grand prairies, Texas: Part 7—Texas: 21st Annual Report of the USGS, 666 p.</ref>
| namedby        = [[Robert T. Hill|Robert Thomas Hill]]<ref name="Hill"/>
| region         = [[North America]]
| country        = [[United States of America]]
| coordinates    =
| unitof         =
| subunits       =
| underlies      = [[Eagle Ford Shale]], Woodbine Formation
| overlies       = [[Buda Limestone]], [[Kiamichi Shale|Kiamichi Formation]] 
| thickness      =
| extent         =
| area           =[[Texas]] to [[Oklahoma]] and [[Arkansas]]
| map            =Geology map of Dallas.jpg
| map_caption    =Geologic map of Dallas, with Woodbine at left.
}}
[[File:Austin Chalk stratigraphic column in Texas.png|thumb|300px|Woodbine Formation [[stratigraphic column]] in Texas]]
The '''Woodbine Group''' is a geological [[Formation (geology)|formation]] in east [[Texas]] whose strata date back to the Early to Middle [[Cenomanian]] age of the [[Late Cretaceous]].<ref name="Denne et al."/> It is the producing formation of the giant [[East Texas Oil Field]] (also known as the "Black Giant") from which over 5.42 billion barrels of oil have been produced.<ref>Dokur, M., and Hentz, T.F. (2012).  Reservoir Characterization of the Upper Cretaceous Woodbine Group in Northeast Texas Field, Texas.  AAPG Search and Discovery Article #20152.</ref>  The Woodbine overlies the Maness Shale, [[Buda Limestone]], or older rocks, and underlies the [[Eagle Ford Group]] or [[Austin Chalk]].  In outcrop the Woodbine Group has been subdivided into the Lewisville Sandstone, Dexter Sandstone, and/or Pepper Shale formations.<ref name="Denne et al."/>  Thin-bedded sands of the Woodbine and Eagle Ford are collectively referred to as the "Eaglebine" oil and gas play in the southwestern portion of the East Texas region.<ref>Hentz, T. F., Ambrose, W. A., and Smith, D. C. (2014). Eaglebine play of the southwestern East Texas basin: Stratigraphic and depositional framework of the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) Woodbine and Eagle Ford Groups: AAPG Bulletin, v. 98, p. 2551-2580.</ref>

Dinosaur and crocodilian remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.<ref name="cretaceousdistribution">Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, North America)." ''in'' Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 574-588. {{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}.</ref> This fossil formation preserves organisms that were endemic to [[Appalachia (Mesozoic)|Appalachia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Thomas L. |title=New Data on Mid- Cretaceous Ecosystems and Faunal Diversity in Appalachia: Insights from the Woodbine Formation (Cenomanian) of North Texas |last2=Noto |first2=Christopher |last3=Drumheller |first3=Stephanie K. |date=2017 |volume=1 |doi=10.1130/abs/2017SC-289203 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321044732|series=Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs }}</ref>

The Woodbine Group was first mapped and named by [[Robert T. Hill]], known as the "Father of Texas Geology", for outcrops near the small town of [[Woodbine, Texas]] in 1901.<ref name="Hill"/> The Woodbine represents ancient river and delta systems that originated from erosion of the Ouachita Uplift in modern-day [[Oklahoma]] and [[Arkansas]] and the Sabine Uplift in modern-day [[Texas]] and [[Louisiana]].  Sediments from these deltas flowed into the East Texas and Brazos Basins of the ancient East [[Texas]] shelf.<ref name="Denne and Breyer">Denne, R. A., and Breyer, J. A. (2016). Regional depositional episodes of the Cenomanian-Turonian Eagle Ford and Woodbine groups of Texas: ''in'' Breyer, J. A. (ed.), The Eagle Ford Shale: A renaissance in U.S. oil production, AAPG Memoir 110, p. 85-125.</ref>

The Arlington Archosaur Site is a location in [[Arlington, Texas]] that currently excavates fossils from the Woodbine Group. It became available to access by the [[University of Texas at Arlington]] (UTA) in spring of 2008. UTA and the [[Dallas Paleontological Society]] have excavated at the site up to present day, where work continues.<ref name="AASAbout">[http://www.arlingtonarchosaursite.com/about/about.html About Arlington Archosaur Site]</ref>

==Vertebrate paleofauna==
*''[[Scolomastax]] sahlsteini'': A paralligatorid endemic to Appalachia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Noto|first1=Christopher R.|last2=Drumheller|first2=Stephanie K.|last3=Adams|first3=Thomas L.|last4=Turner|first4=Alan H.|date=2020|title=An Enigmatic Small Neosuchian Crocodyliform from the Woodbine Formation of Texas|journal=The Anatomical Record|language=en|volume=303|issue=4|pages=801–812|doi=10.1002/ar.24174|pmid=31173481 |issn=1932-8494|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*''[[Ampelognathus coheni]]'': A small-bodied ornithopod<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tykoski |first1=Ronald S. |last2=Contreras |first2=Dori L. |last3=Noto |first3=Christopher |date=2023-10-13 |title=The first small-bodied ornithopod dinosaur from the Lewisville Formation (middle Cenomanian) of TexasCitation for this article: Tykoski, R. S., Contreras, D. L., & Noto, C. (2023) The first small-bodied ornithopod dinosaur from the Lewisville Formation (middle Cenomanian) of Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2023.2257238 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |doi=10.1080/02724634.2023.2257238 |issn=0272-4634|doi-access=free }}</ref>
*''[[Protohadros]] byrdi'': "Partial skull, teeth, partial postcranium."<ref name="table-19-1-417">"Table 19.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 417.</ref> A hadrosaur found in [[Flower Mound, Texas]] in the early 1990s.
*''[[Dallasaurus]] turneri'': Full skeleton.
*''[[Woodbinesuchus]] byersmauricei'': Lower jaw and a variety of postcranial elements, such as vertebrae, limb bones, shoulder and hip bones, and bony armor.<ref name="Lee">Lee, Yuong–Nam (1997). The Archosauria from the Woodbine Formation (Cenomanian) in Texas: Journal of Paleontology, v. 71, n.6, p. 1147–1156</ref>
*Unnamed [[theropod]]<ref name="fossils">[http://www.arlingtonarchosaursite.com/about/fossils.html Fossils at AAS]</ref>
*''[[Deltasuchus]] motherali'': Parts of the upper skull, most likely the [[apex predator]] in its ecosystem.<ref name=Deltasuchdesc>{{cite journal|last1=Adams|first1=T.L. |last2=Noto|first2=C.R.|last3=Drumheller|first3=S. |year=2017|title=A large neosuchian crocodyliform from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Woodbine Formation of North Texas|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=37 |issue=4 |page=e1349776|doi=10.1080/02724634.2017.1349776|bibcode=2017JVPal..37E9776A |s2cid=133647239 |url=http://paleorxiv.org/2ck7v/ }}</ref>
*''[[Terminonaris]] robusta'': A pholidosaurid crocodyliform whose remains have been found in North America and Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=T. L. |last2=Polcyn |first2=M. J. |last3=Mateus |first3=O. |last4=Winkler |first4=D. A. |last5=Jacobs |first5=L. L. |title=First occurrence of the long-snouted crocodyliform Terminonaris (Pholidosauridae) from the Woodbine Formation (Cenomanian) of Texas. |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=January 2011 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=712–716 |url=https://docentes.fct.unl.pt/omateus/publications/first-occurrence-long-snouted-crocodyliform-terminonaris-pholidosauridae-woodbi |access-date=16 December 2019|doi=10.1080/02724634.2011.572938 |bibcode=2011JVPal..31..712A |s2cid=86061260 }}</ref>
*''[[Flexomornis howei]]'': A enantiornithe bird.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=TYKOSKI |first1=RONALD S. |last2=FIORILLO |first2=ANTHONY R. |title=An enantiornithine bird from the lower middle Cenomanian of Texas |journal= Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|date=January 2010 |volume=  30|issue=1 |pages=288–292 |doi=10.1080/02724630903416068 |bibcode=2010JVPal..30..288T |s2cid=84037461 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02724630903416068 |access-date=16 November 2020|doi-access=free }}</ref>
*''[[Pleurochayah|Pleurochayah appalachius]]'': A recently described species of [[Bothremydidae|bothremydid]] turtle, which is also known as a [[Pleurodira|side-necked turtle]].<ref name="adrianetal2021">{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/s41598-021-88905-1 | title=An early bothremydid from the Arlington Archosaur Site of Texas | year=2021 | last1=Adrian | first1=Brent | last2=Smith | first2=Heather F. | last3=Noto | first3=Christopher R. | last4=Grossman | first4=Aryeh | journal=Scientific Reports | volume=11 | issue=1 | page=9555 | pmid=34017016 | pmc=8137945 | bibcode=2021NatSR..11.9555A }}</ref>
*[[Mawsonia (fish)|''Mawsonia'']] sp., a giant [[Coelacanth]] known from Africa and South America, but fossils of the genus were described in 2021.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0259292 | doi-access=free | title=The first late cretaceous mawsoniid coelacanth (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from North America: Evidence of a lineage of extinct 'living fossils' | year=2021 | last1=Cavin | first1=Lionel | last2=Toriño | first2=Pablo | last3=Van Vranken | first3=Nathan | last4=Carter | first4=Bradley | last5=Polcyn | first5=Michael J. | last6=Winkler | first6=Dale | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=16 | issue=11 | pages=e0259292 | pmid=34762682 | pmc=8584698 | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1659292C }}</ref>
*''[[Bardackichthys]] carteri'': an [[Ichthyodectiformes|ichthyodectiform]] fish.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hacker |first1=Riley J. |last2=Shimada |first2=Kenshu |date=July 2021 |title=A new ichthyodectiform fish (Actinopterygii: Teleostei) from the Arlington Member (mid-Cenomanian) of the Upper Cretaceous Woodbine Formation in Texas, USA |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104798 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=123 |pages=104798 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104798 |bibcode=2021CrRes.12304798H |s2cid=233806833 |issn=0195-6671}}</ref>
*Indeterminate [[Nodosauridae]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Yuong-Nam|date=November 1997|title=The Archosauria from the Woodbine Formation (Cenomanian) in Texas|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000036088|journal=Journal of Paleontology|volume=71|issue=6|pages=1147–1156|doi=10.1017/s0022336000036088|bibcode=1997JPal...71.1147L |s2cid=131923994 |issn=0022-3360}}</ref>
*Indeterminate [[Carcharodontosauridae]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Noto|first1=Christopher R.|last2=D’Amore|first2=Domenic C.|last3=Drumheller|first3=Stephanie K.|last4=Adams|first4=Thomas L.|date=2022-01-25|title=A newly recognized theropod assemblage from the Lewisville Formation (Woodbine Group; Cenomanian) and its implications for understanding Late Cretaceous Appalachian terrestrial ecosystems|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=10|pages=e12782|doi=10.7717/peerj.12782|pmid=35127286 |pmc=8796713 |issn=2167-8359 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*Indeterminate [[Tyrannosauroidea]].<ref name=":0"/>
*Indeterminate [[Ornithomimosauria]].<ref name=":0"/>
*Indeterminate [[Dromaeosauridae]].<ref name=":0"/>
*Indeterminate [[Troodontidae]].<ref name=":0"/>
*Indeterminate [[Coelurosauria]].<ref name=":0"/>

==Other fossils==
Other vertebrate fossils that have been identified in the Woodbine include [[lungfish]], [[fish]], [[turtle]]s, [[shark]]s, and [[coprolite]]s containing bones.<ref name="fossils"/> Invertebrate fossils found in the Woodbine include [[ammonite]]s, ''[[Inoceramus]]'', [[oyster]]s, [[crustacean]]s,<ref>Stephenson, L. W. (1952). Larger invertebrate fossils of the Woodbine Formation (Cenomanian) of Texas: USGS Professional Paper 242, 226 p.</ref> and agglutinated [[foraminifera]].<ref>{{cite journal | jstor=1299379 | title=Foraminifera from the Type Pepper Shale of Texas | last1=Loeblich | first1=Alfred R. | journal=Journal of Paleontology | year=1946 | volume=20 | issue=2 | pages=130–139 }}</ref>

*''[[Necrocarcinus]] christinae'': a [[Podotremata|podotreme]] crab.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van Bakel |first1=Barry W. M. |last2=Ossó |first2=Àlex |last3=Jackson |first3=John |date=2022-11-01 |title=A new podotreme crab, Necrocarcinus christinae sp. nov., from the Woodbine Formation (Cenomanian) of Texas (USA); the first example of spermathecal apertures in a necrocarcinid brachyuran |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=139 |pages=105301 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105301 |bibcode=2022CrRes.13905301V |s2cid=250570872 |issn=0195-6671|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Texas}}

[[Category:Geologic formations of Arkansas]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Arkansas]]
[[Category:Geologic formations of Texas]]
[[Category:Cretaceous geology of Texas]]
[[Category:Upper Cretaceous Series of North America]]
[[Category:Cenomanian Stage]]
[[Category:Petroleum in Texas]]