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{{short description|Cemetery in Belgrade, Serbia}}
[[File:Zemunsko groblje (20).JPG|thumb|Zemun Cemetery]]
'''Zemun Cemetery''' is a public [[cemetery]] situated in [[Zemun]] on the [[Gardoš|Gardoš Hill]]. It is bounded by [[Stefan Dušan|Cara Dušana Street]], [[Nada Dimić|Nade Dimić Street]], [[John Hunyadi|Sibinjanin Janka Street]] and Grobljanska Street, as well as with the staircase towards the [[Branko Radičević|Branka Radičevića Square]], thus making the northwest boundary of the Old Core of [[Zemun]]. The cemetery is proclaimed the [[National heritage site|cultural monument]].

==Introduction==
Before 1740, the cemetery was located on the low slope of the [[Gardoš|Gardoš Hill]]. In the mid-18th century  on the tableland of the Gardoš hill a complex was formed, consisting of two [[Cemetery|cemeteries]], for three [[Creed|confession]]s: [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox]], [[Catholic (term)|Catholic]] and [[Jews|Hebrew]], which remained in function even nowadays. The defence wall with loopholes and [[bastion]]s from 1841, saved as the cemetery enclosure, represents one of the last preserved parts of the city [[wall]]s which used to surround entire [[Zemun]].

==History==
After conquering [[Zemun]] by the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]] in 1717 and the [[Treaty of Belgrade|Belgrade peace]] achieved in 1739, Zemun became the border town of the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. That was the reason for its transformation from the plain [[kasaba]] (a small town) to the town with modern urban designs. This development included determination of the unique site for the town cemetery, outside the very town, thus leaving the medieval custom of having the cemetery close to the worship places.<ref name="Prva">1,3 М. Dabižić. ''Zemun Cemetery'', The Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade, 2015. {{ISBN|978-8689779240}}</ref> Zemun cemetery on the [[Gardoš]] is located on the wooded [[plateau]] above the old part of the town and the [[Danube]] bank. It was established for the [[Catholic (term)|Catholic]]  population, after the Turkish authorities had been expelled from Zemun and the town was incorporated into the [[Austrian Empire]] (1717). By the end of the 18th century the old [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] graveyard was moved to the same plateau. Both cemeteries are today at the same place, including the [[Jews|Jewish]] which was established in that location after 1739.<ref>Мiodrag Dabižić, Zemun cemetery on the Gardoš Hill, The Yearbook of the Belgrade Museum,. XXIII, Belgrade 1976.</ref> By the middle of the 20th century  the cemetery had filled up the present area and the authorities planned to open a new graveyard. However, that idea was realized after the [[World War II|Second World War]] and that new graveyard now serves a larger part of [[Belgrade]]. The use of the old cemetery has been continued, although the idea was to bury there only those people whose families owned burial places there. The problem is still acute, particularly because a great number of tombs where the eminent persons were buried and numerous memorials of historic and artistic value have to be preserved.

===Old Muslim Cemetery===
The old [[Muslim]] cemetery, established during the Turkish rule, was placed next to the [[Mosque]] on today's Great Square. The cemetery spread from the [[Mosque]] towards the [[Danube]] river, roughly enclosed by the today's streets [[Jovan Jovanović Zmaj|Zmaj-Jovina]] and Gospodska Street. After the conquering of [[Zemun]] by the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]], this cemetery disappeared. Later, on the place of the [[Mosque]] the [[Church (building)|Church]]  was built and on the very spot of the cemetery public buildings were constructed, mainly for the needs of the border city.<ref name="Prva" />

===Old Orthodox Cemetery===
This [[cemetery]], also established during the Turkish rule, was located on the slope of the [[Gardoš|Gardoš Hill]], in the immediate vicinity of Nikolajevska Church. It spread from the church yard uphill, along the today's even-numbered side of the [[Stevan Sinđelić|Sinđelićeva Street]]. With the first extensions of the new cemetery on [[Gardoš]], the area on this cemetery was parcelled and sold, from the base of [[:sr:Gardoš|Gardoš]] uphill. Mostly residential houses are nowadays located on its area outside the [[churchyard]].<ref name="Prva" />

==Today==
===Orthodox Cemetery===
In the [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] of the cemetery there are: the protected endowment church of the St. Demetrious, of the merchant family Petrović-Hariš (1876), the chapel of Spirta family (around 1911), The monument to the fallen and dead Serbian soldiers 1914–1918 (1928), the important graves of the former [[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Aromanians|Tzintzari]] colony, graves of Russian refugees (since 1920), of the first [[Pilot (aeronautics)|pilots]] of Yugoslav passenger planes, businessmen, philanthropists, priests, scientists, writers, artists and others, with a large number of [[sculpture]]s on them, the works of the eminent sculptors: [[Đorđe Jovanović (sculptor)|Đorđe Jovanović]], Dragomir Arambašić, [[Vojin Bakić]], Petar Palavičini, [[Toma Rosandić|Тоma Rosandić]], Stevan Bondarov, Periša Milić and others. The churchyard also bears a memorial to the citizens of [[Zemun]], who died in 1943 in the Croatian [[Internment|concentration camp]] [[Stara Gradiška prison|Stara Gradiška]].

===Catholic Cemetery===
The [[Catholic (term)|Catholic]] cemetery keeps: a [[chapel]] from 1763 with several [[Memorial Plaque (medallion)|memorial plaques]] on its façade, a stylized chapel from 1909 of the Treščik family of pharmacists, a memorial to the warriors 1914–1918, a Neo–Gothic crucifixion in metal INRI, the graveyard of the nuns  who worked in hospitals (since 1887) and schools (since 1928), memorial tombstones of merchant families: Mozer, Gnus, Štrajher, Albreht, Kulundžić, Filipović; the families of builders and architects: Jenč, Kapus, Cimerman, Katinčić, Kraus; of the [[deacon]]s and parish priests from Lower Srem: a writer Vilim Korajac (1899), Маato Štrac (1911), Dr. Alojzije Vincetić (1930), Ivan Šulc (1946); a writer and a lawyer Dr. [[Živko Bertić]], a writer prof. Kazimir Supičić (1938), navigators from DDSG, and others. In one part of the cemetery there is a common memorial to the Victims of the Fascist Terror, where a large number of the prisoners from the fascist camp at the Old Belgrade Fairgrounds  (Staro sajmište), on the left bank of the [[Sava|Sava River]].<ref>Iodrag Dabižić, ''Zemun cemetery on the Gardoš Hill'' (II), The Heritage 8, The Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade, Belgrade 2008</ref>

===Jewish Cemetery===
[[File:Земунско гробље на Гардошу 17.jpg|thumb|Headstones in the Jewish Cemetery]]
{{multiple image
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 | image1 = Simon Herzl grave (Zemun cemetery, Belgrade).jpg
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 | footer = Graves of [[Theodor Herzl]] grandparents Simon (1797–1879) and Rivka Herzl (1798–1888)
}}
[[Jews|The Jewish cemetery]], one of the oldest in Serbia, has been the burial place since the arrival of Jews in the Austrian [[Zemun]] (1739) till the present time. The stone memorials have characteristic shapes, from votive plates to modern and representative, such as the tombstone to businessman Gabriel Polgar (1915). They bear family names such as: Brandajs, Levi, Herzl, Salamon, Koen, Goldštajn, Hiršl, Hajm, Šer, Veksler, etc. Оtо Bihali-Merin, a writer and a publicist was buried there in 1993, his  brother Pavle in 1941, an industrialist Маavro Binder in 1927,  Моses Albahari in 1897 and a medical doctor Isac Isarah  in 1912.<ref name="Prva" /> A slab with the inscription: To the Victims of Fascism 1941–1945, stands in a prominent place. It commemorates the 540 members of the Јеwish community in Zemun who lost their lives in the concentration camps at [[Jasenovac concentration camp|Јаsenovac]] and [[Stara Gradiška prison|Stara Gradiška]]. A large number of tombstones of different stylistic and [[Iconography|iconographic]] features have crucial significance of the chronological study of the cultural development of this part of the town, in the period of two centuries. It is beyond dispute that the graves of eminent personalities and the tombstones should be protected, particularly the graves of the families with no descendants. The [[Cultural heritage|Cultural Heritage]] Protection Institute of the City of [[Belgrade]] had compiled a Catalogue of important graves and grave memorials and submitted it to the City, the Borough and the Cemetery authorities. Some things have already been done in the meantime, such as the reconstruction of the devastated Spirta Chapel in 2007. Constant reconstruction and [[Conservation-restoration of cultural heritage|restoration]] of the tombs is necessary. The danger of the [[landslide]]s and [[Land mine|mines]] dug up underneath during the [[Austria]]n and [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] rule, and which are no longer used for their initial purpose, increase the terrain instability.<ref>D. Bukvić, "The Problem of the Zemun resting place", ''Politika'', 28 October 2012. {{ISSN|0350-4395}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Svetozar Ivačković]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Literature==
* Petar St. Marković, ''Zemun from the oldest times till today'', The Printing house of Jova Karamata, Zemun, 1896.
* Gojko Desnica, ''Zemun and the First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813)'', Literary Club „Zemun“, Zemun, 1975.
* D. Bukvić, "The Problem Of Zemun resting place", ''Politika'', 28 October 2012., {{ISSN|0350-4395}}
* Željko Škalamera, "The Old Core of Zemun", volume 5, The Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade, 1966.

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Zemun cemetery}}
* [http://www.pogrebneusluge.com/strana/beogradska-groblja.html Beogradska groblja]
* [http://www.grobnice.info/mapa_zemun/ Mapa zemunskog groblja]
* [http://beograd.mapa.in.rs/ Plan Grada-Donji Grad Zemun]

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[[Category:Cemeteries in Belgrade]]
[[Category:Islam in Serbia]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox cemeteries in Serbia]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodoxy in Serbia]]
[[Category:Jewish cemeteries]]
[[Category:Muslim cemeteries]]
[[Category:Zemun]]