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hahahahah shut the FUCK up oor or what ever I dont give a fuck bloock the SHIT off of me that why me and ur mom had SEX together |
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{{dablink|This article is about the ancient Chinese dynasty. For the [[Southern and Northern Dynasties]] period state, see [[Northern Zhou]]. See also [[Empress Wu Zetian of China]], who also claimed the dynastic name Zhou for her brief reign from 690 to 705 AD; and also [[Wu Sangui]], who used the name for his rebel government from 1678 to 1681.}} |
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{{Infobox Former Country |
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|native_name = {{aut|周朝}}|conventional_long_name = Zhou Dynasty |
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|common_name = Zhou |
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|national_motto = |
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|continent = Asia |
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|region = Pacific |
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|country = China |
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|era = |
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|government_type = Monarchy |
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|year_start = 1122 BC |
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|year_end = 256 BC |
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|p1 = Shang Dynasty |
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|s1 = Qin Dynasty |
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|event_start = [[Battle of Muye]] |
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|event_end = |
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|image_map = China 2a.jpg |
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|image_map_caption = Boundaries of the Western Zhou Dynasty (1050–771 BC) in China |
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|capital = [[Haojing]], [[Luoyi]] |
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|common_languages = [[Chinese language|Chinese]] |
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|Philosophy = |
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|currency = |
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|leader1 = |
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|leader2 = |
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|title_leader = [[Emperor of China|King]] |
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}} |
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The '''Zhou Dynasty''' ({{zh-cpw|c=[[:zh-tw:周朝|周朝]]|p=Zhōu Cháo|w=Chou Ch`ao}}; [[1122 BC]] to [[256 BC]]) was preceded by the [[Shang Dynasty]] and followed by the [[Qin Dynasty]] in [[China]]. The Zhou dynasty lasted longer than any other dynasty in [[China|Chinese]] [[history]]—though the actual political and military control of China by the dynasty only lasted during the Western Zhou. During the Zhou, the [[Iron Age|use of iron]] was introduced to China<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.staff.hum.ku.dk/dbwagner/EARFE/EARFE.html | title = EARFE}}</ref>, while this period of Chinese history produced what many consider the zenith of Chinese [[bronze]]-ware making. The dynasty also spans the period in which the written script evolved from the ancient stage as seen in early Western Zhou bronze inscriptions, to the beginnings of the modern stage, in the form of the archaic clerical script of the late [[Warring States period]]. |
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During the Zhou Dynasty, the origins of matured [[Chinese philosophy]] developed, its initial stages beginning in the [[6th century BC]]. The greatest Chinese philosophers, those who made the greatest impact on later generations of Chinese, were [[Kong Fuzi]] (Latin: Confucius), founder of [[Confucianism]], and [[Laozi]], founder of [[Daoism]]. Other philosophers, theorists, and schools of thought in this era were [[Mozi]] (Latin: Micius), founder of [[Mohism]], [[Mengzi]] (Latin: Mencius), a famous Confucian who expanded upon Kong Fuzi's legacy, [[Shang Yang]] and [[Han Feizi]], responsible for the development of ancient Chinese [[Legalism (Chinese philosophy)|Legalism]] (the core philosophy of the [[Qin Dynasty]]), and [[Xunzi]], who was arguably the center of ancient Chinese intellectual life during his time, even more so than iconic intellectual figures such as [[Mencius]].<ref name = "Schirokauer">Schirokauer & Brown 2006. "A Brief history of Chinese civilization: second edition". Wadsworth, Thomson Learning, pp. 25–47.</ref> |
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==Mandate of Heaven== |
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{{History of China|BC=1}} |
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[[Image:Western Zhou Gui Vessel.jpg|thumb|200px|A Western Zhou bronze gui vessel, c. 1000 BC]] |
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In the Chinese historical tradition, the Zhou defeated the Shang and oriented the Shang system of [[ancestor worship]] toward a universalized worship away from the worship of [[Shangdi|Di]] and to that of [[Tian]] or "heaven". They legitimized their rule by invoking the [[Mandate of Heaven]], the notion that the ruler (the "[[Son of Heaven]]") governed by divine right but that his dethronement would prove that he had lost the mandate. Such things that proved the ruling family had lost the Mandate were natural disasters and rebellions. The doctrine explained and justified the demise of the [[Xia Dynasty|Xia]] and Shang Dynasties and at the same time supported the legitimacy of present and future rulers. The Zhou dynasty was founded by the [[Ji (surname)|Ji]] family and had its capital at Hào (鎬, near the present-day city of [[Xi'an]] in the [[Wei River]] valley). Sharing the language and culture of the Shang, the early Zhou rulers, through conquest and colonization, established a large imperial territory wherein states as far as [[Shandong]] acknowledged Zhou rulership and took part in elite culture. The spread of Zhou bronzes, though, was concurrent with the continued use of Shang style pottery in the distant regions and these states were the last to recede during the late Western Zhou. |
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==Zhou military== |
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The early Western Zhou supported a strong military split into two major units: “The Six Armies of the West” and “The Eight Armies of Chengzhou”. The armies campaigned in the northern [[Loess Plateau]], modern [[Ningxia]] and the [[Huanghe]] floodplain. The military prowess of Zhou peaked during the 19th year of [[King Zhao of Zhou|King Zhao]]'s reign, when the Six Armies were wiped out along with King Zhao on a campaign around the [[Han River]]. Early Zhou kings were true commanders-in-chief. They were in constant wars with barbarians on behalf of the fiefs called 'guo', namely, statelet or principality. Charles Hucker noted that Zhou had 14 standing royal armies, with 6 stationed in Haojing, near today's [[Xian]], and 8 armies stationed in the east. [[Zhou Zhaowang]] (r. 1052–1001 BC) was famous for repeated campaigns in the Yangtze areas and died in his last action. [[Zhou Muwang]] (r. 1001–946 BC) was a legendary figure famous for fighting in the west and maybe today's Central Asia where he met and rendezvoused on Kunlun Mountain with so-called [[Xi Wang Mu]], namely, [[Queen Mother of the West]], rumored by some western historians, including Charles Hucker, to be [[Queen of Sheba]]. (The actual place for Kunlun Mountains would be somewhere close to today's Jiuquan County, [[Gansu]] Province. Mt Kunlun, extending for almost 2000 miles from Kara-Kunlun bordering Tibet in the west to [[Qilian]] Mountain in the east, was a source of many Chinese myths and legends.) Later kings' campaigns were less effective. [[King Liwang]] (r. 878–7 BC) led 14 armies against barbarians in the south but failed to achieve any victory. King Xuanwang (r 827–782 BC) fought the Jiangrong nomads in vain. King Youwang was killed by Quanrong, and capital [[Haojing]] was sacked. Although chariots had been introduced to China since the Shang Dynasty,<ref name="ebrey 14">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Anne Walthall, James B. Palais (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-13384-4. Page 14.</ref> the Zhou period saw the use of massed [[chariot]]s in battle, a technology imported from Central Asia.<ref>Shaughnessy, Edward L. Historical Perspectives on The Introduction of The Chariot Into China. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Jun., 1988), pp. 189–237.</ref> |
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[[Image:CMOC Treasures of Ancient China exhibit - bronze gui.jpg|thumb|left|A Western Zhou ceremonial bronze of cooking-vessel form inscribed to record that the King of Zhou gave a fiefdom to Shi You, ordering that he inherit the title as well as the land and people living there]] |
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==[[Fengjian]] ([[Feudalism]])== |
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In the West, the Zhou period is often described as feudal because the Zhou's early rule invites comparison with [[Middle Ages|medieval rule in Europe]]. However, historians debate whether or not this description is valid; the more appropriate term for the Zhou Dynasty's political arrangement would be from the Chinese language itself: the ''Fēngjiàn'' (封建) system. The Zhou amalgam of city-states became progressively centralized and established increasingly impersonal political and economic institutions. These developments, which probably occurred in the later Zhou period, were manifested in greater central control over local governments and a more routinized agrarian taxation. Zhou officials were not paid a salary but instead were given semi-regular gifts by the King, which often included land in the Wei River valley. Imperial stability was ensured through marriages between the Zhou court and local lords as well as the installment of Zhou lords into command over distant regions. |
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==Western and Eastern Zhou== |
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[[Image:Liangqi Zhong.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Western Zhou Dynasty musical [[bronze]] [[Bell (instrument)|bell]]]] |
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Initially the Ji family was able to control the country firmly. In [[771 BC]], after [[King You of Zhou|King You]] had replaced his queen with a concubine [[Baosi]], the capital was sacked by the joint force of the queen's father, who was the powerful [[Marquess]] of [[Shen]], and a nomadic tribe, the [[Quanrong]]. The queen's son [[King Ping of Zhou|Ji Yijiu]] was proclaimed the new king by the nobles from the states of [[Zheng (state)|Zheng]], [[Lu (state)|Lü]], [[Qin (state)|Qin]] and the Marquess of Shen. The capital was moved eastward in [[722 BC]] to [[Luoyang]] in present-day [[Henan]] Province. |
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Because of this shift, historians divide the Zhou era into the '''Western Zhou''' (西周, [[pinyin]] Xī Zhōu), lasting up until [[771 BC]], and the '''Eastern Zhou''' ([[Traditional Chinese]]: 東周, [[Simplified Chinese]]: 东周, [[pinyin]]: Dōng Zhōu) from [[770 BC|770]] up to [[256 BC]]. The beginning year of the Western Zhou has been disputed — [[1122 BC]], [[1027 BC]] and other years within the hundred years from late [[12th century BC]] to late [[11th century BC]] have been proposed. Chinese historians take [[841 BC]] as the first year of consecutive annual dating of the history of China, based on the ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' by [[Sima Qian]]. The Eastern Zhou corresponds roughly to two subperiods. The first, from [[722 BC|722]] to [[481 BC]], is called the [[Spring and Autumn Period]], after a famous historical chronicle of the time; the second is known as the [[Warring States Period]] (403 to 221 BC), after another famous chronicle and initiated by the partitioning of [[Jin (state)|Jin]]. The [[Warring States]] Period extends slightly past the 256 BC end date of the Eastern Zhou; this discrepancy is due to the fact that the last Zhou king's reign ended in 256, 35 years before the beginning of the [[Qin dynasty]] which ended the Warring States period. The Eastern Zhou period is also designated as a period of a [[Hundred Schools of Thought|hundred schools]]. This is a reference to the different schools of historical Chinese intellectual thought. There were four main distinct schools which were the Ru, Mohist, Daoist, and Legalists. These schools of thought contributed to social, philosophical and political change which played a large part in the decline of the Zhou dynasty.<ref name = "Schirokauer" /> |
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==Decline== |
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With the royal line broken, the power of the Zhou court gradually diminished, and the fragmentation of the kingdom accelerated. From Ping Wang onwards, the Zhou kings ruled in name only, with true power lying in the hands of powerful nobles. Towards the end of the Zhou Dynasty, the nobles did not even bother to acknowledge the Ji family symbolically, rebelled and declared themselves to be kings. The dynasty was ended in 256 BC, before [[Qin Shi Huang]]'s unification of China in 221 BC, when the last king of Zhou died and his sons did not proclaim the nominal titles of King of China. |
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==Agriculture== |
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[[Image:ZhouVase.JPG|thumb|200px|Zhou vase with glass inlays, 4th-3rd century BC, [[British Museum]].]] |
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Agriculture in the Zhou Dynasty was very intensive and in many cases directed by the government. All farming lands were owned by nobles, who then gave their land to their serfs, a situation similar to European [[feudalism]]. For example, a piece of land was divided into nine squares in the shape of the character for "water well," jing (井), with the grain from the middle square taken by the government and that of surrounding squares kept by individual farmers. This way, the government was able to store surplus food and distribute it in times of famine or bad harvest. Some important manufacturing sectors during this period included [[bronze]] smelting, which was integral to making weapons and farming tools. Again, these industries were dominated by the nobility who directed the production of such materials. |
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China's first projects of [[hydraulic engineering]] were founded during the Zhou Dynasty, ultimately for means to aid agricultural [[irrigation]]. The [[Prime Minister]] of [[Wei (state)|Wei]], [[Sunshu Ao]], who served [[King Zhuang of Chu]] (楚莊王) (died [[591 BC]]) dammed a river to create an enormous irrigation [[reservoir]] in modern-day northern [[Anhui]] province. For this Sunshu is credited as China's first hydraulic engineer. The later Wei statesman [[Ximen Bao]], who served [[Marquis Wen of Wei]] (文侯) ([[445 BC]]-[[396 BC]]), is the first hydraulic engineer of China to have created a large irrigation canal system. As the main focus of his grandiose project, his canal work eventually diverted the waters of the entire [[Zhang River]] to a spot further up the [[Huang He]] River. |
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==Gallery of artwork== |
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<gallery> |
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Image:Defang Ding.jpg|Defang [[bronze]] ritual vessel, Western Zhou Dynasty |
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Image:Dake Ding.jpg|Dake bronze ritual vessel, Western Zhou Dynasty |
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Image:You with zigzag thunder pattern.jpg|You bronze ritual vessel, Western Zhou Dynasty |
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Image:Qizhong Hu.jpg|Qizhong Hu bronze vessel, Western Zhou Dynasty |
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Image:Dou with an inland hunting scene.jpg|Dou vessel with a hunting scene, Eastern Zhou Dynasty |
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Image:Bo of Duke of Qin.jpg|A bo bell of the [[Duke of Qin]], Eastern Zhou Dynasty |
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Image:Pu with openwork interlaced dragons design.jpg|Pu vessel with dragon designs, Eastern Zhou Dynasty |
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Image:Bi with two dragons and grain pattern.jpg|A [[jade]] [[bi]] with two dragons, Eastern Zhou Dynasty |
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Image:Zhou ritual food vessel p1070295.jpg|Eastern Zhou bronze ritual food vessel (''ding'') with [[lacquer]] design, 5th-4th century BC |
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Image:Freer 005.jpg|An Eastern Zhou Dynasty bronze ding vessel |
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Image:Freer 007.jpg|An Eastern Zhou Dynasty bronze musical bell |
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Image:Freer 009.jpg|Western and Eastern Zhou Dynasty bronze vessels |
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Image:Freer 028.jpg|An Eastern Zhou Dynasty bronze and [[silver]] canteen |
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Image:CMOC Treasures of Ancient China exhibit - square bronze hu.jpg|A square bronze hu vessel, Eastern Zhou Dynasty |
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Image:Freer 032.jpg|An Eastern Zhou Dynasty bronze bird-shaped wine server |
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Image:Chinese silk, 4th Century BC.JPG|Embroidered silk gauze garment from a 4th century BC, Zhou era tomb at Mashan, Hubei province. |
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Image:Changshadragon.jpg|Silk painting of a man riding [[Chinese dragon|a dragon]]. |
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</gallery> |
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==Zhou dynasty kings== |
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{| border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" |
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|- |
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! style="background:#efefef" width=120 | Personal name |
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! style="background:#efefef" width=120 | Throne Name |
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! style="background:#efefef" width=140 | Reign years<sup>1</sup> |
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! style="background:#efefef" width=160 | Name by which most commonly known |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Fa<br>姬發 |
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| Wuwang<br>武王 |
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| ''[[1046 BC]]-[[1043 BC]]''<sup>1</sup> |
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| Zhou Wuwang<br>([[King Wu of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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| Ji Song<br>姬誦 |
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| Chengwang<br>成王 |
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| ''[[1042 BC]]-[[1021 BC]]''<sup>1</sup> |
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| Zhou Chengwang<br>([[King Cheng of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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| Ji Zhao<br>姬釗 |
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| Kangwang<br>康王 |
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| ''[[1020 BC]]-[[996 BC]]''<sup>1</sup> |
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| Zhou Kangwang<br>([[King Kang of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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| Ji Xia<br>姬瑕 |
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| Zhaowang<br>昭王 |
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| ''[[995 BC]]-[[977 BC]]''<sup>1</sup> |
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| Zhou Zhaowang<br>([[King Zhao of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Man<br>姬滿 |
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|Muwang<br>穆王 |
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|''[[976 BC]]-[[922 BC]]''<sup>1</sup> |
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|Zhou Muwang<br>([[King Mu of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Yihu<br>姬繄扈 |
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|Gongwang<br>共王/龔王 |
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|''[[922 BC]]-[[900 BC]]''<sup>1</sup> |
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|Zhou Gongwang<br>([[King Gong of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Jian<br>姬囏 |
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|Yiwang<br>懿王 |
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|''[[899 BC]]-[[892 BC]]''<sup>1</sup> |
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|Zhou Yiwang<br>([[King Yi of Zhou (Ji Jian)|King Yi of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Pifang<br>姬辟方 |
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|Xiaowang<br>孝王 |
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|''[[891 BC]]-[[886 BC]]''<sup>1</sup> |
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|Zhou Xiaowang<br>([[King Xiao of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Xie<br>姬燮 |
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|Yiwang<br>夷王 |
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|''[[885 BC]]-[[878 BC]]''<sup>1</sup> |
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|Zhou Yiwang<br>([[King Yi of Zhou (Ji Xie)|King Yi of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Hu<br>姬胡 |
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|Liwang<br>厲王/剌王 |
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|''[[877 BC]]-[[841 BC]]''<sup>1</sup> |
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|Zhou Liwang<br>([[King Li of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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| |
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|Gonghe (''regency'')<br>共和 |
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|[[841 BC]]-[[828 BC]] |
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|[[Gonghe]] |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Jing<br>姬靜 |
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|Xuanwang<br>宣王 |
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|[[827 BC]]-[[782 BC]] |
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|Zhou Xuanwang<br>([[King Xuan of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Gongsheng<br>姬宮湦 |
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|Youwang<br>幽王 |
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|[[781 BC]]-[[771 BC]] |
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|Zhou Youwang<br>([[King You of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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! colspan="4" | End of Western Zhou / Beginning of Eastern Zhou |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Yijiu<br>姬宜臼 |
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|Pingwang<br>平王 |
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|[[770 BC]]-[[720 BC]] |
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|Zhou Pingwang<br>([[King Ping of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Lin<br>姬林 |
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|Huanwang<br>桓王 |
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|[[719 BC]]-[[697 BC]] |
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|Zhou Huanwang<br>([[King Huan of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Tuo<br>姬佗 |
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|Zhuangwang<br>莊王 |
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|[[696 BC]]-[[682 BC]] |
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|Zhou Zhuangwang<br>([[King Zhuang of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Huqi<br>姬胡齊 |
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|Xiwang<br>釐王 |
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|[[681 BC]]-[[677 BC]] |
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|Zhou Xiwang<br>([[King Xi of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Lang<br>姬閬 |
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|Huiwang<br>惠王 |
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|[[676 BC]]-[[652 BC]] |
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|Zhou Huiwang<br>([[King Hui of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Zheng<br>姬鄭 |
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|Xiangwang<br>襄王 |
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|[[651 BC]]-[[619 BC]] |
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|Zhou Xiangwang<br>([[King Xiang of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Renchen<br>姬壬臣 |
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|Qingwang<br>頃王 |
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|[[618 BC]]-[[613 BC]] |
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|Zhou Qingwang<br>([[King Qing of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Ban<br>姬班 |
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|Kuangwang<br>匡王 |
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|[[612 BC]]-[[607 BC]] |
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|Zhou Kuangwang<br>([[King Kuang of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Yu<br>姬瑜 |
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|Dingwang<br>定王 |
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|[[606 BC]]-[[586 BC]] |
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|Zhou Dingwang<br>([[King Ding of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Yi<br>姬夷 |
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|Jianwang<br>簡王 |
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|[[585 BC]]-[[572 BC]] |
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|Zhou Jianwang<br>([[King Jian of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Xiexin<br>姬泄心 |
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|Lingwang<br>靈王 |
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|[[571 BC]]-[[545 BC]] |
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|Zhou Lingwang<br>([[King Ling of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Gui<br>姬貴 |
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|Jingwang<br>景王 |
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|[[544 BC]]-[[521 BC]] |
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|Zhou Jingwang<br>([[King Jing of Zhou (Ji Gui)|King Jing of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Meng<br>姬猛 |
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|Daowang<br>悼王 |
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|[[520 BC]] |
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|Zhou Daowang<br>([[King Dao of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Gai<br>姬丐 |
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|Jingwang<br>敬王 |
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|[[519 BC]]-[[476 BC]] |
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|Zhou Jingwang<br>([[King Jing of Zhou (Ji Gai)|King Jing of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Ren<br>姬仁 |
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|Yuanwang<br>元王 |
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|[[475 BC]]-[[469 BC]] |
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|Zhou Yuanwang<br>([[King Yuan of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Jie<br>姬介 |
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|Zhendingwang<br>貞定王 |
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|[[468 BC]]-[[442 BC]] |
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|Zhou Zhendingwang<br>([[King Zhending of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Quji<br>姬去疾 |
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|Aiwang<br>哀王 |
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|[[441 BC]] |
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|Zhou Aiwang<br>([[King Ai of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Shu<br>姬叔 |
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|Siwang<br>思王 |
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|[[441 BC]] |
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|Zhou Siwang<br>([[King Si of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Wei<br>姬嵬 |
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|Kaowang<br>考王 |
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|[[440 BC]]-[[426 BC]] |
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|Zhou Kaowang<br>([[King Kao of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Wu<br>姬午 |
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|Weiliewang<br>威烈王 |
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|[[425 BC]]-[[402 BC]] |
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|Zhou Weiliewang<br>([[King Weilie of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Jiao<br>姬驕 |
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|Anwang<br>安王 |
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|[[401 BC]]-[[376 BC]] |
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|Zhou Anwang<br>([[King An of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Xi<br>姬喜 |
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|Liewang<br>烈王 |
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|[[375 BC]]-[[369 BC]] |
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|Zhou Liewang<br>([[King Lie of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Bian<br>姬扁 |
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|Xianwang<br>顯王 |
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|[[368 BC]]-[[321 BC]] |
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|Zhou Xianwang<br>([[King Xian of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Ding<br>姬定 |
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|Shenjingwang<br>慎靚王 |
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|[[320 BC]]-[[315 BC]] |
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|Zhou Shenjingwang<br>([[King Shenjing of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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|Ji Yan<br>姬延 |
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|Nanwang<br>赧王 |
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|[[314 BC]]-[[256 BC]] |
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|Zhou Nanwang<br>([[King Nan of Zhou]]) |
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|- align="center" |
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| |
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|Huiwang<br>惠王 |
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|[[255 BC]]-[[249 BC]] |
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|Zhou Huiwang²<br>([[King Hui of Eastern Zhou]]) |
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|- |
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| colspan="4" style="background-color: #EFEFEF"| <small>'''2''' Nobles of the Ji family proclaimed King Hui as King Nan's successor after their capital, [[Luoyang]],<br>fell to Qin forces in [[256 BC]]. However Zhou resistance did not last long in the face of the Qin<br>advance and so King Nan is widely considered to have been the last king of the Zhou dynasty.</small> |
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==See also== |
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*[[Four occupations]] |
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*[[Family tree of the Zhou Dynasty]] |
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*[[Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng]] |
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*[[Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project]] |
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==Footnotes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==References== |
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*Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Anne Walthall, James B. Palais (2006). ''East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-13384-4. |
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*Lee, Yuan-Yuan and Shen, Sinyan. (1999). ''Chinese Musical Instruments (Chinese Music Monograph Series)''. Chinese Music Society of North America Press. ISBN 1-880464039 |
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*Shen, Sinyan (1987), Acoustics of Ancient Chinese Bells, ''Scientific American'', 256, 94. |
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*Sun, Yan. 2006. "Cultural and Political Control in North China: Style and Use of the Bronzes of Yan at Liulihe during the Early Western Zhou." In: ''Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World''. Edited by Victor H. Mair. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. Pages 215-237. ISBN 9780824828844; ISBN 0824828844. |
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* Feng, Li. 2006. Landscape and Power in Early China: The Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou 1045-771 BC |
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*Schirokauer & Brown 2006. "A Brief history of Chinese civilization: second edition" Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, pp.25-47 |
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* Leeman, Bernard. 2005.''Queen of Sheba and Biblical Scholarship''. Queensland Academic Press Australia. ISBN 0975802208 |
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==External links== |
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{{ChineseText}} |
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{{Commons|Zhou Dynasty}} |
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*[http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/ancient1.html#zhou History of the Zhou Dynasty by Leon Poon] |
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{{Start box}} |
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{{Succession box|title=[[Dynasties in Chinese history]]|before=[[Shang Dynasty]]|after=[[Qin Dynasty]]|years=c.1045 – 256 BC}} |
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{{end box}} |
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[[Category:Zhou Dynasty]] |
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[[Category:11th century BC establishments]] |
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[[Category:256 BC disestablishments]] |
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[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]] |
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[[Category:Historic monarchies]] |
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[[ca:Zhou]] |
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[[da:Zhou-dynastiet]] |
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[[es:Dinastía Zhou]] |
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[[eo:Dinastio Zhou]] |
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[[fr:Dynastie Zhou]] |
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[[zh-classical:周]] |
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[[ko:주나라]] |
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[[id:Dinasti Zhou]] |
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[[it:Dinastia Zhou]] |
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[[sw:Nasaba ya Chou]] |
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[[lt:Džou dinastija]] |
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[[ms:Dinasti Zhou]] |
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[[nl:Zhou-dynastie]] |
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[[ja:周]] |
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[[no:Zhou-dynastiet]] |
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[[pl:Dynastia Zhou]] |
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[[pt:Dinastia Zhou]] |
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[[ru:Чжоу (династия)]] |
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[[simple:Zhou Dynasty]] |
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[[sh:Dinastija Zhou]] |
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[[fi:Zhou-dynastia]] |
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[[sv:Zhoudynastin]] |
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[[th:ราชวงศ์โจว]] |
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[[vi:Nhà Chu]] |
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[[tr:Zhou Hanedanlığı]] |
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[[ur:چو]] |
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[[zh-yue:周朝]] |
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[[zh:周朝]] |
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Revision as of 21:30, 7 May 2008
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