Quinuclidone
Quinuclidones are a class of bicyclic organic compounds with chemical formula C7H11NO with two structural isomers for the base skeleton 3-quinuclidone and 2-quinuclidone.
3-Quinuclidone (1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one) is an uneventful molecule that can be synthesized as the hydrochloric acid salt by a Dieckman condensation:[1]
The other isomer, 2-quinuclidone, appears equally uneventful, but in fact it has defied synthesis until 2006.[2][3][4] The reason is that this molecule is very unstable because its amide group has the amine lone pair and the carbonyl group not properly aligned, as may be expected for an amide, as a result of steric strain. This behaviour is predicted by Bredt's Rule, and formal amide group resembles in fact an amine, as evidenced by the ease of salt formation.
The organic synthesis of the tetrafluoroborate salt of 2-quinuclidone is a six-step affair starting from norcamphor the final step being an azide - ketone Schmidt reaction (38% yield):[5]
This compound rapidly reacts with water to the corresponding amino acid with a chemical half-life of 15 seconds. X-ray diffraction shows pyramidalization on the nitrogen atom (59° compared to 0 for reference dimethylformamide) and torsion around the carbon-nitrogen bond to an extent of 91°. Attempts to prepare the free-base lead to uncontrolled polymerization.
It is, nevertheless, possible to estimate its basicity in an experiment in which amine pairs (the quinuclidonium salt and a reference amine such as diethylamine or indoline) are introduced into a mass spectrometer. The relative basicity is then revealed by collision-induced dissociation of the heterodimer. Further analysis via the extended kinetic method allows for the determination of the proton affinity and gas phase basicity of 2-quinuclidonium. This method has determined that quinuclidone ranks among secondary and tertiary amines in terms of proton affinity.[6] This high basicity is hypothesized to be due to the loss of electron delocalization when the amide bond is twisted—this causes misalignment of the pi orbitals, resulting in loss of electron resonance.
References
[edit]- ^ H. U. Daeniker, C. A. Grob (1964). "3-Quinuclidone Hydrochloride". Organic Syntheses. 44: 86. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.044.0086.
- ^ Tani, Kousuke; Stoltz, Brian M. (2006). "Synthesis and structural analysis of 2-quinuclidonium tetrafluoroborate". Nature. 441 (7094): 731–734. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..731T. doi:10.1038/nature04842.
- ^ Bethany Halford (June 12, 2006). "Amide With A Twist". Chemical and Engineering News. 84 (24).
- ^ Clayden, Jonathan; Moran, Wesley J. (2006). "The Twisted Amide 2-Quinuclidone: 60 Years in the Making". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45 (43): 7118–7120. doi:10.1002/anie.200603016. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 17009382.
- ^ Reaction sequence: First step is a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of norcamphor 1 with Meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid to bicyclic lactone 2, followed by organic reduction with lithium aluminium hydride in diethyl ether to diol 3. The primary alcohol group is replaced by a tosylate group in 4 with tosyl chloride and triethylamine and in turn displaced by an azide group in 5 by action of sodium azide in dimethylformamide. Oxidation of the alcohol to the ketone 6 takes place with Dess-Martin periodinane in dichloromethane. The final step to 2-quinuclidonium tetrafluoroborate 8 is a Schmidt reaction through intermediate 7 with fluoroboric acid in diethyl ether.
- ^ Ly, Tony; Krout, Michael; Pham, Don K.; Tani, Kousuke; Stoltz, Brian M.; Julian, Ryan R. (2007). "Synthesis of 2-Quinuclidonium by Eliminating Water: Experimental Quantification of the High Basicity of Extremely Twisted Amides". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 129 (7): 1864–1865. doi:10.1021/ja067703m.