Jump to content

Rare breed: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added
more diversity of species in photos, replace one overexposed photo
(91 intermediate revisions by 11 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{About|rare breeds of animals||Rare Breed (disambiguation){{!}}
{{About|rare breeds of animals||Rare Breed (disambiguation){{!}} Rare breed}}
{{TAFI}}Rare breed}}
{{TAFI}}
[[File:White Park.jpg|thumb|250px|[[White Park]] are an ancient [[breed]] of [[cattle]] that qualify as a rare breed.]]
[[File:American Cream Draft Horse.jpg|thumb|The [[American Cream Draft]] is listed as critically endangered by the American Livestock Conservancy]]
In modern [[agriculture]], a '''rare breed''' is a [[breed]] of [[poultry]] or [[livestock]] that has a very small breeding population, usually from a few hundred to a few thousand. Because of their small numbers, rare breeds may have a threatened [[conservation status]], and they may be protected under regional laws. Many countries have organizations devoted to the protection and promotion of rare breeds, for which they each have their own definition. In botany and horticulture, the parallel to rare animal breeds are [[heirloom plant]]s, which are rare [[cultivar]]s.{{sfn|Dohner|2002|ps={{Page needed|date=March 2014}}}}
A '''rare breed''' is defined as a [[breed]] of [[livestock]] or [[poultry]] that is not common in modern [[agriculture]], though it may have been in the past. Various national and international organizations, such as the [[UN]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], [[The Livestock Conservancy]] in the USA, or the [[Rare Breeds Survival Trust]] of the United Kingdom, each define the exact parameters of what defines a rare breed. Many breeds that qualify as rare by these standards may only have a few thousand or even just a few hundred breeding individuals.<ref>{{cite book |title=Storey's Illustrated Breed Guide to Sheep, Goats, Cattle and Pigs |last=Ekarius |first=Carol |year=2008 |publisher=[[Storey Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-60342-036-5 }}</ref> These organizations pursue [[Conservation biology|conservation]] of heritage livestock and poultry for their unique traits, which can contribute to [[genetic diversity]] among animals important to human food supplies and economies, as well as general [[biodiversity]] and improvements in [[animal husbandry]]. The parallel of rare animal breeds are [[heirloom plant]]s, which are rare [[cultivar]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=The encyclopedia of historic and endangered livestock and poultry breeds |last=Dohner |first=Janet Vorwald |year=2002 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-08880-9 }}</ref>

==Definitions==
[[File:Manx Loaghtan Sheep, Cregneash, Isle Of Man..jpg|thumb|A rare breed [[Manx Loaghtan]] sheep at Cregneash, Isle Of Man. There are fewer than 1,500 registered breeding Manx Loaghtan females in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbst.org.uk/watch-list/sheep/manxloaghtan|title=Manx Loaghtan|work=[[Rare Breeds Survival Trust]] watch list|accessdate=8 June 2008}}</ref>]]
There are several definitions of "breed" and "rare breed". Breeds may be defined as a group of animals that share visible characteristics, such as [[Pinto horse]]s, which are all spotted.{{sfn|Sponenberg|Bixby|2007|p=8}} A stricter definition insists that breeds are "consistent and predictable genetic entities", which means that individuals from that breed will produce offspring that is predictably similar to their genitors, and that this similarity is genetically based.{{sfn|Sponenberg|Bixby|2007|p=7}} This biological definition is useful for [[conservation biology|conservation]], which treats breeds as reliable sources of [[genetic diversity]].{{sfn|Sponenberg|Bixby|2007|p=8–9}}

Conservation organisations each have their own definition of what constitutes a rare breed. The [[Rare Breeds Survival Trust]] (RBST) and the [[American Livestock Breeds Conservancy]] (ALBC) both divide rare breeds into five categories, "critical" being the rarest. The ALBC places a livestock breed under "critical" status when it has "fewer than 200 annual registrations in the United States and estimated global population less than 2,000".<ref>{{cite web|title=Parameters of Breeds on the Conservation Priority List|url=http://www.livestockconservancy.org/index.php/heritage/internal/parameters-cpl|website=The Livestock Conservancy|date=|accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref> The RBST determines the status of a breed by the number of its breeding females in the [[United Kingdom]]. For horses and sheep, fewer than 300 is considered "critical", whereas goats and pigs must have fewer than 100 to join that category.<ref name="RBSTWatchlist">{{cite web|title=Watchlist|url=http://www.rbst.org.uk/rare-breeds-watchlist|website=Rare Breeds Survival Trust|date=|accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref>

[[The Poultry Club of Great Britain]] considers a poultry breed "Rare" when it does not have its own [[breed club]]. These "Rare Breeds" are catered by the [[Rare Poultry Society]] (RPS).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.poultryclub.org/img/Breed%20Classification.pdf |title=Breed Classification |publisher=Poultryclub.org |date= |accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref> The RPS does not look after breeds that count few individuals but have their own breed club.{{sfn|Hams|1999|p=38}}

==Causes==
The importating of foreign animal breeds can cause traditional breeds in that country to become rare, or even extinct. In postwar Britain, for example, the introduction of the [[Poland China|Poland China pig]] and the [[Texel (sheep)|Texel sheep]] had an impact on populations of historic breeds, which were seen as less profitable for farmers.{{sfn|Yarwood|Evans|1999|p=80}}

==Conservation==
[[File:Mudchute farm pig side.jpg|thumb|The [[Tamworth (pig)|Tamworth]] is a pig breed that is rare in both its native country and abroad.<ref name="RBSTWatchlist"/>{{sfn| Dohner|2002|p=182-183}}]]
Several organizations&nbsp;– the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] ([[United Nations]]), the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy (ALBC), the Rare Breeds Survival Trust (UK), [[Rare Breeds Canada]], the [[SVF Foundation]] (US)&nbsp;– promote [[Conservation biology|conservation]] of heritage livestock and poultry for their unique traits, which can contribute to [[genetic diversity]] among animals important to human food supplies and economies, as well as general [[biodiversity]] and improvements in [[animal husbandry]].

In 2009, the ALBC launched an online classified advertising service entitled "www.ALBCrarebreedclassifieds.org" for promoting rare breeds. It allowed the general public to "browse listings of rare breed livestock and poultry for sale, rare breed products such as meats and wools and other items that help secure the future of rare breeds".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grit.com/animals/new-classified-service-for-rare-breeds-and-rare-breed-products.aspx |title=New Classified Service for Rare Breeds and Rare Breed Products |publisher=Grit.com |date=2009-08-28 |accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref>

==Other interests of rare breeds==
Beyond the concerns of conservation organisations, there are other reasons for individuals or groups to keep rare breed animals. Rare breeds can be popular with [[hobby farmer]]s, as they often require less intensive management.{{sfn|Yarwood|Evans|1999|p=81–83}} Some rare breeds are kept by tourist attractions for their value in attracting visitors.{{sfn|Yarwood|Evans|1999|p=81}} Some farmers also prefer to sell meat from rare breeds, as they believe such breeds offer higher quality produce.{{sfn|Yarwood|Evans|1999|p=83}}


==See also==
==See also==
{{portal|Agriculture and Agronomy|Animals}}
* [[Landrace]]
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Ark of Taste]]
* [[Ark of Taste]]
* [[Cobthorn Trust]]
* [[:Category:Conservation Priority Breeds of the Livestock Conservancy|Conservation Priority Breeds of the Livestock Conservancy]]
* [[Heritage turkey]]
* [[Heritage turkey]]
* [[Landrace]]
* [[:Category:ALBC Conservation Priority Breeds|ALBC conservation priority breeds]]
* [[SVF Foundation]]
* [[Rare breed (dog)]]
* [[Rare breed (dog)]]
{{div col end}}


==References==
==References==
<references />


===Citations===
[[Category:Rare breed conservation]]
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Livestock]]


===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |ref=harv|title=The encyclopedia of historic and endangered livestock and poultry breeds |last=Dohner |first=Janet Vorwald |year=2002 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-08880-9 }}
*{{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Hams|first=Fred|year=1999|title=Old Poultry Breeds|others=Third edition|location=Buckinghamshire|publisher=Shire Books|isbn=0-7478-0396-X}}
*{{Cite book|ref=harv|last1=Sponenberg|first1=D. Philip|last2=Bixby|first2=Donald E.|year=2007|title=Managing Breeds for a Secure Future: Strategies for Breeders and Breed Associations|location=Pittsboro, NC|publisher=The American Livestock Breeds Conservancy|isbn=1-887316-07-8}}
*{{cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Yarwood|first1=Richard|last2=Evans|first2=Nick|title=The Changing Geography of Rare Livestock Breeds in Britain|journal=''[[Geography (journal)|Geography]]''|volume=84|issue=1|year=1999|pages=80–87|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40573249}}


==External links==
{{livestock-stub}}
* {{Commons-inline}}

[[Category:Conservation Priority Breeds of the Livestock Conservancy]]
[[Category:Breeds]]
[[Category:Livestock]]
[[Category:Poultry]]
[[Category:Rare breed conservation]]